2012年职称英语综合类新增文章

2020-11-12 来源：二三四教育网

2012年职称英语综合类新增文章及解析

阅读判断（2篇）

第七篇 Moderate Earthquake Strikes England *第十一篇 Computer Mouse 概括大意与完成句子（2篇）

第六篇 How We Form First lmpression

第十篇 Washoe Learned American Sign Language 阅读理解（15篇）

第一篇 Telling Tales about People讲述关于人们的故事第八篇 The Changing Middle Class变化中的中产阶级第十篇 A Letter from Alan艾伦的来信

第十一篇 The Development of Ballet芭蕾舞的发展第十六篇 The Sahara撒哈拉沙漠

*第十七篇：Eiffel Is an Eyeful（2011年教材中为C级文章）引人注目的埃菲尔铁塔 *第十八篇：Goal of American Education（2011年教材中为C级文章）美国教育的目标 *第十九篇 The Family家庭

*第二十篇 Tales of the Terrible Past讲述可怕的过去

*第二十一篇：Spacing in Animals（2011年教材中为C级文章）动物的空间距离

*第二十二篇：Some Things We Know about Language（2011年教材中为C级文章）我们知道的关于语言的一些事情

*第二十三篇：The Only Way Is Up（2011年教材中为C级文章）只好向上 *第二十四篇：Clone Farm（2011年教材中为C级文章）克隆农场 *第二十五篇：Income（2011年教材中为C级文章）收入

*第二十六篇 Seeing the World Centuries Ago看许久以前的世界

*第二十七篇：Importance of Services（2011年教材中为C级文章）服务业的重要性

*第二十八篇：The National Park Service（2011年教材中为C级文章）国家公园的服务机构 *第二十九篇：Find Yourself Packing It On? Blame Friends（2011年教材中为C级文章）发现自己变胖了？这得责怪朋友们

*第三十篇 “Lucky” Lord Lucan ----- Alive or Dead―幸运的‖鲁肯伯爵一是死是活 *第三十三篇 Oseola McCarty老妇人Oseola McCarty +第三十四篇 To Have and Have Not逃亡

+第三十五篇 Going Her Own Way选择她自己的路

+第三十六篇：A Tale of Scottish Rural Life（2011年教材中为B级文章）一个关于苏格兰乡村生活的故事

+第三十七篇 Pop Music in Africa非洲的流行音乐

+第三十八篇 Why So Many Children? 为什么有这么多的孩子

+第三十九篇：Eat to Live（2011年教材中为B级文章）为了活着吃饭

+第四十篇：Narrow Escape（2011年教材中为B级文章）美国疾病预防新政策 +第四十七篇 Narrow Escape九死一生补全短文（2篇）

第九篇 Heat Is Killer *第十一篇 Virtual Driver 完形填空（15篇）

第一篇 A Life with Birds

第二篇 A Lucky Break 第三篇 Global Warming 第四篇 A Success Story 第五篇 Traffic in Our Cities 第六篇 Teaching and learning

*第七篇 The Difference between Man and Computer *第八篇 Look on The Bright Side *第九篇 The First Bicycle *第十篇 Working Mothers +第十一篇 School Lunch +第十二篇 A Powerful Influence +第十三篇 The Old Gate +第十四篇 Family History +第十五篇 Helen and Martin 译文见最后

注：1、+表示A级文章；*表示B即文章；其他为C级文章；

2、阅读判断，请参见第4页；概括大意与完成句子，请参见第8页；阅读理解，请参见第13页；补全短文，请参见第43页

3、2012年词汇部分与2011年教材相比未作任何变化。

阅读判断

第七篇 Moderate Earthquake Strikes England

A moderate earthquake struck parts of southeast England on 28 April 2007，toppling chimneys from houses and rousing residents from their beds. Several thousand people were left without power1 in Kent County. One woman suffered minor head and neck injuries.

\"lt felt as if the whole house was being slid across like a fun-fair ride,3\" said the woman.

The British Geological Survey said the 4.3-magnitude quake4 struck at 8:19 a.m. and was centered under the English Channel5，about 8.5 miles south of Dover6 and near the entrance to the Channel Tunnel7.

Witnesses said cracks appeared in walls and chimneys collapsed across the county. Residents said the tremor had lasted for about 10 to 15 seconds.

\"I was lying in bed and it felt as if someone had just got up from bed next to me.\" said Hendrick van Eck，27，of Canterbury8 about 60 miles southeast of London.\"I then heard the sound of cracking，and it was getting

heavier and heavier9.It felt as if someone was at the end of my bed hopping up and down.\"

There are thousands of moderate quakes on this scale around the world each year，but they are rare in Britain. The April 28 quake was the strongest in Britain since 2002 when a 4.8-magnitude quake struck the central England city of Birmingham10.

The country's strongest earthquake took place in the North Sea in 1931，measuring 6.1 on the Richter scale11. British Geological Survey scientist Roger Musson said the quake took place on 28 April in an area that had seen several of the biggest erthquakes ever to strike Britain，including one in 1580 that caused damage in London and was felt in France.12 Musson predicted that it was only a matter of time13 before another earthquake struck this part of England. However，people should not be scared too much by this prediction，Musson said，as the modern earthquake warning system of Britain should be able to detect a forthcoming quake and announce it several hours before it takes place. This would allow time for people to evacuate and reduce damage to the minimum.

词汇:

moderate /'mɔdərit / adj. 中等的 magnitude /'mægnitju:d/ n. 值，强度量 topple /‘tɔpl/ v. 倾倒，震倒 rouse /ravz/ v. 唤醒 tremor /‘tremə (r) / n.震动 hop /hɔp/ v. 齐足跳起 fun-fair n. 公共露天游乐场 scale /skeil/ n. 震级

forthcoming /‗fɔ:θ‘kʌmiŋ)/ adj. 即将来临的 evacuate /i'vækjveit / v. 疏散 geological / dʒiə'lɔdʒikəl/ adj. 地质的

注释:

1. power:电力

2. Kent County:肯特郡[位于英格兰东南部]

3.It felt as if the whole house was being slid across like a fun-fair ride. 它(地震)给人的感觉是

整幢房子就像游乐场的滑行机一样在滑动.ride是游乐场供人玩乐的乘坐式的活动装置。as if 是\"好像……一样；仿佛\"，例如:He treated me as if I were his son. 他待我如同待他的儿子一样。 4. the.4.3-magnitude quake:里氏4.3级地震 5. English Channel:英吉利海峡

6. Dover:多佛尔[英格兰东南部港口城市]

7. Channel Tunnel:海峡隧道。Channel Tunnel (常简称为Chunnel)是连接英法两国的海峡隧道。 8. Canterbury:坎特伯雷[英格兰东南部城市，中世纪时曾是宗教朝圣圣地] 9. it was getting heavier and heavier:爆裂声越来越响 10. Birmingham:伯明翰[英格兰中部城市]

11. the Richter scale:里氏震级表。美国地震学家 Charles Francis Richter (1900-1985)于1935年制定了地震震级表。

12. British Geological Survey scientist Roger Musson said the quake took place on 28 April in an area that had seen several of the biggest earthquakes ever to strike Britain，including one in1580 that caused damage in London and was felt in France.英国地质勘测所的科学家 Roger Musson 说，4月28日发生地震的地区曾经遭受过几起英国最大的地震，其中的一次发生在1580年，那次地震蹂躏了伦敦，并波及法国。 13. a matter of time:时间问题。又如: It's not a matter of money. 这个不是钱的问题。

练习:

1. During the April 28 earthquake，the whole England was left without power.

A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned

2. The Channel Tunnel was closed for 10 hours after the earthquake occurred.

A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned 3. It was reported that one lady had got her head and neck injured，but not seriously.

A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned

4. France and several other European countries sent their medical teams to work side by side with the British doctors.

A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned 5. The country's strongest earthquake took place in London in 1580.

A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned 6. Musson predicted that another earthquake would occur in southeast England sooner or later. A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned 7. It can be inferred from the passage that England is rarely hit by high magnitude earthquakes. A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned

答案与题解:

1. B 题句说2007年4月28日的地震致使全英格兰都停电，与短文第一段第一句表达的内容不符。短文说地震殃及英格兰东南部的肯特郡部分地区，电力中断，几千名居民无电可用。所以，题句是错误的，答案为B。

2. C 本题所说的意思是:地震发生后，海峡隧道关闭了10小时。题句表达的内容短文中找不到，故答案为C。

3. A 题句的意思是:地震中一个妇女的头部和颈部受了点轻伤。题句表达的意思与第一段最后一句表达的内容相符。所以选项A是答案。

4. C 题句表达的意思是:法国和其他几个欧洲国家派遣他们的医疗队去英国与当地的医生并肩工作。这一内容短文中找不到，故答案为C。

5. B 题句所说的英国最强烈的地震于1580年发生在伦敦，这与短文表述的事实不符。短文第七段第一句明白无误地说，英国最强烈的地震于1931年发生在北海。题句表达的信息是错误的，故答案为B。 6. A 题句说Masson预言在英格兰东南部迟早将发生另一次地震。这一说法与短文最后一段第三句所表达的意思相符。所以答案是A。

7. A 短文第六段第一句说，全球每年发生强度为里氏4级左右的地震有几千次，但是这种中等强度的地震在英格兰很少发生。据此，读者可以容易地推断出，高震级的地震在英格兰就更少见了。

*第十一篇 Computer Mouse

The basic computer mouse is an amazingly clever invention with a relatively simple design that allows us to point at things on the computer and it is very productive. Think of all the things you can do with a mouse like selecting text for copying and pasting1，drawing，and even scrolling on the page with the newer mice with the wheel. Most of us use the computer mouse daily without stopping to think2 how it works until it gets dirty and we have to learn how to clean it. We learn to point at things before we learn to speak，so the mouse is a very natural pointing device. Qther computer pointing devices include light pens，graphics tablets and touch screens，but the mouse is still our workhorse.

The computer mouse was invented in 1964 by Douglas Englehart of Stanford University. As computer screens became more popular and arrow keys were used to move around a body of text，it became clear that a pointing device that allowed easier motion through the text and even selection of text would be very useful. The introduction of the mouse，with the Apple Lisa computer in 1983，really started the computer public on the road to relying on the mouse for routine computer tasks.3

How does the mouse work? We have to start at the bottom，so think upside down for now. It all starts with the mouse ball. As the mouse ball in the bottom of the mouse rolls over the mouse pad，it presses against and turns two shafts. The shafts are connected to wheels with several small holes in them. The wheels have a pair of small electronic light-emitting devices called light-emitting diodes (LED) mounted on either side4. One LED sends a light beam to the LED on the other side. As the wheels spin and a hole rotates by，the light beam gets through to the LED on the other side. But a moment later the light beam is blocked until the next hole is in place. The LED detects a changing pattern of light，converts the pattern into an electronic signal，and sends the signal to the computer through wires in a cable that goes out of the mouse body. This cable is the tail that helps give the mouse its name. The computer interprets the signal to tell it where to position the cursor on the computer screen.

So far we have only discussed the basic computer mouse that most of you probably have or have used.5One problem with this design is that the mouse gets dirty as the ball rolls over the surface and picks up dirt. Eventually you have to clean your mouse. The newer optical mice avoid this problem by having no moving parts.

词汇:

scroll / skrəul/ v. (在显示屏上)上下移动文本 pad /pæd/ n. 垫板

mouse pad 鼠标垫板 graphics /'græfiks/ n. 图形，图表 tablet /'tæblit/ n. 书写板 graphics tablet 图形书写板 workhorse /'wə:khɔ:s/ n. 重负荷工作部件 shaft /ʃa:ft / n. 轴，杆状物 emit /i'mit/v. 射出 diode /'daiəud/ n. 二极管 cursor /'kə:Sər/ n. 光标 optical /'ɔptikl / adj. 光学的

注释:

1. copying and pasting: 复制和粘贴

2. without stopping to think: 没有停下来想一下。\"stop+动词不定式\"是\"停下来去做某件事\"，\"stop+动名词\"是\"停止做某件事\"。例如: We stopped to rest for a while. 我们停下来休息一会儿。He stopped smoking. 他停止抽烟。

3. ...started the computer public on the road to relying on the mouse for routine computer tasks. 使广大计算机用户开始踏上一条依赖鼠标完成常规计算机工作的道路。computer public: 广大计算机用户。road to 中的to是介词，所以后接动名词relying。 4. mounted on either side = mounted on both sides

5. So far we have only discussed the basic computer mouse that most of you probably have or have used. 到目前为止，我们只限于讨论大多数人应该拥有或用过的基本型的计算机鼠标。

练习:

1. Most computer users want to know how the computer mouse works. A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned

2. According to the author，general computer users need not to know how the computer mouse was invented. A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned

3. The computer mouse derives its name from the cable that goes out its body，which looks like the tail of a mouse.

A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned

4. The key components of a computer mouse are the two LEDs. A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned

5. When an ordinary computer mouse gefs dirty，it has to be replaced with a new one. A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned

6. The most durable computer mice on sale are the IBM ones. A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned

7. The optical mouse is superior to the basic one in that the former has no moving parts. A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned

答案与题解:

1. B 题句的意思是大多数计算机使用者都想了解鼠标的工作原理。这与短文的介绍不符。短文第一段第三句说，大多数计算机使用者天天用计算机，却没有想到要了解一下鼠标的工作原理。题句的信息是错误的，故答案为B。

2. C 题句表达的意思是，短文作者认为一般计算机使用者无须了解鼠标是如何发明的。题句表达的内容短文中找不到，故答案为C。

3. A 题句说鼠标的名称源自鼠标主体拖出的一根看上去像鼠尾巴的电线，这与短文第三段倒数第二句、第三句所介绍的信息相符，所以，本题选项A是正确答案。

4. A短文的第三段说到，鼠标的部件有滚动部件如滚球，还有光电装置如二极管等。二极管将光信号转换为电信号，传送到计算机，计算机根据收到的电信号作出相应的反应，因此，二极管是鼠标的主要部件，而滚轮等只是辅助性的机械部件。题句对短文信息的推断是正确的，故答案为A。

5. B 题句说鼠标脏了，就得更换新的。这一说法与短文包含的信息不符。第一段第三句和末段倒数第二句都提到，鼠标脏了，可以擦干净再用。题句的信息是错误的，故答案为B。

6. C题句说，当前市场上出售的最耐用的鼠标是IBM生产的鼠标。这一说法短文中找不到，故答案为C。

7. A末段说到光电鼠标因为没有普通鼠标使用的滚动部件，所以不会吸附灰尘，用不着擦拭，这是一种新型的鼠标。题句是对短文信息的一种合理推断，所以选项A是正确的。

概括大意与完成句子

第六篇 How We Form First lmpression

1 We all have first impression Of someone we just met. But why? Why do we form an opinion about Someone without really knowing anything about him or her -aside perhaps from a few remarks or readily observable traits.

2 The answer is related to how your brain allows you to be aware of the world. Your brain is so sensitive in picking up facial traits，even very minor difference in how a person's eyes，ears，nose，or mouth are placed in relation to each other makes you see him or her as differene1.In fact，your brain continuously process incoming sensory information- the sights and sounds of your world. These incoming \"signals\" are compared against2 a host of \"memories\" stored in the brain areas called the cortex system to determine what these new signals \" mean\" .

3 If you see someone you know and like at school3，your brain says \"familiar and safe. \" If you see someone new，it says，\"new-potentially，threatening\". Then your brain starts to match features of this stranger with other \" known\" memories. The height ，weight，dress ，ethnicity ， gestures ，and tone of voice are all matched up. The more unfamiliar the characteristics ，the more your brain may say，This is new. I don't like this person\". Or else，\"I'm intrigued\" . Or your

brain may perceive a new face but familiar clothes，ethnicity，gestures-like your other friends;

so your brain says: \"I like this person\" . But these preliminary \"impressions\" can be dead wrong4

4 When we stereotype people，we use a less mature form of thinking (not unlike the immature thinking of a very young child) that makes simplistic and categorical impressions of others. Rather than learn about the depth and breadth of people-their history，interest，values，

strengths，and true character - we categorize them as jocks，geeks，or freaks.

5 However，if we resist initial stereotypical impressions，we have a chance to be aware of what a person is truly like. If we spend time with a person，hear about his or her life，hopes，dreams，and become aware of the person's character，we use a different，more mature style of thinking- and the most complex areas of our cortex，which allow us to be humane.

词汇:

trait /trei，treit/n. 特点，特征，特性 host/h?ust/ n. 一大群，许多

simplistic /sim'plistik/ adj. 过分单纯化的 sensory/'sens?ri/ adj. 感官的，感觉的 categorical /k?ti'g?rikl/ adj. 绝对的 cortex /'k?:teks/ n. 脑皮层

jock /d??k/ n. 骗子 ethnicity /eθ'nis?ti/ n. 种族特点 geek /gi:k / n. 反常的人 intrigue /in'tri:g/ v. 激起兴趣 stereotype /'steri?taip/ v. 对……产生成见 freak /fri:k/ n. 怪人 humane /hju:'mein，hju-/ adj. 有人情味的，人文的

注释:

1. Your ?rain，is so sensitive in picking up facial traits，even very minor difference in how a person's eyes ，ears ，nose ，or mouth are placed in relation to each other makes you see him or her as different. 从 even 开始到 as different 是个结果状语从句，相当于that even very minor ... ，而 that 是与主句中的 so 呼应的。

2. against:和……对比

3. If you see someone you know，and like school ... :如果你在学校里看到某个你认识而且喜欢的人……，like在这里是动词。

4. dead wrong: 相当于completely wrong dead wrong是口语表达用语。

练习:

1. Paragraph 2_____ 2. Paragraph 3_____ 3. Paragraph 4_____ 4. Paragraph 5_____

A Ways Of Departure from Immature and Simplistic Impressions B Comment on First Impression C Illustration Of First Impression

D Comparing Incoming Sensory Information Against Memories E Threatening Aspect of First Impressions

F Differences Among Jocks，Geeks and Freaks

5. Sensory information is one that is perceived through_____.

6. You interpret _____ by comparing it against the memories already stored in your brain.

7. The way we stereotype people is a less mature form of thinking，which is similar to_____. 8. We can use our more mature style of thinking thanks to_____.

A a stranger's less mature type of thinking B the most complex areas of our cortex

C the immature form of thinking of a very young child D the meaning of incoming sensory information E the sights and sounds of the world

F an opportunity to analyze different forms of thinking

答案与题解:

1. D 本段叙述的是人脑解读感官信息的过程。

2. C 本段举例说明第一印象解读的过程，将第二段叙述的内容具体化。

3. B 本段对第一印象进行了评论，说第一印象不成熟，simplistic and categorical。

4. A 本段说如果我们与某个人多接触，了解他的生活、希望、梦想和性格特征，我们对该人的认识就不会停留在第一印象的阶段，而是进入一个更深的层次。

5. E 选 E 的依据在第二段的第三句。

6. D 选 D 的依据在第二段的最后两句。sensory information 的意思就是information perceived through sensory organs (视觉、听觉、味觉、触觉、嗅觉等)。

7. C 选 C 的依据在第四段的第一句，该句是:When we stereotype people，we use a less mature form of thinking (not unlike the immature thinking of a very young child) that makes simplistic and categorical impressions of others.

8. B 选 B 的依据在第五段第二句。

第十篇 Washoe Learned American Sign Language

1 An animal that influenced scientific thought has died. A chimpanzee named Washoe and born in Africa died of natural causes late last month at the age of 42 at a research center in the American state of Washington. Washoe had become known in the scientific community1 and around the world for her ability to use American Sign Language2 . She was said to be the first non-human to learn a human language. Her skills also led to debate3 about primates and their ability to understand language.

2 Research scientists Allen and Beatrix Gardner began teaching Washoe sign language in 1966. In 1969，the Gardners described Washoe's progress in a scientific report. The people who experimented with Washoe said she grew to understand4 about 250 words. For example，Washoe made signs to communicate when it was time to eat. She could request foods like apples and bananas. She also asked questions like，\"Who is coming to play?\" Once5 the news about Washoe spread，many language scientists began studies of their own6 into this new and exciting area of research. The whole direction of primate research changed.

3 However，critics argued Washoe only learned to repeat sign language movements from watching her teachers. They said she had never developed true language skills. Even now there are some researchers who suggest that primates learn sign language only by memory，and perform the signs only for prizes. Yet Washoe's keepers disagree. Roger Fouts is a former student of the Gardners7 . He took Washoe to a research center in Ellensburg，Washington. There，Washoe taught sign language to three younger chimpanzees，which are still alive.

4 Scientists like private researcher Jane Goodall believe8 Washoe provided new information about the mental workings of chimpanzees. Today，there are not as many scientists studying language skills with chimps. Part of the reason is that this kind of research takes a very long time.

5 Debate continues about chimps' understanding of human communication. Yet，one thing is sure - Washoe changed popular ideas about the possibilities of animal intelligence.

词汇：

chimpanzee /t?imp?n'zi: / n. 黑猩猩 critic /'kritik/ n. 评论家，批评家 community /ka'mju:niti/ n. 社区，圈子 workings n. 活动，运行

primate / 'praimeit / n. 灵长类动物 chimp /t?imp/n. = chimpanzee 黑猩猩

注释:

1. in the scientific community:在科学界，在科学家的圈子里

2. American Sign Language ( ASL) :美国手语。利用手、脸部表情、身体姿势表达思想的美聋哑人语言。在加拿大、墨西哥等地也使用 ASL。ASL与British Sign Language (BSL，英国手语)不同，两者不能相互理解。

3. led to debate:引起辩论。lead to意为\"导致\" ，to为介词，debate为名词。

4，…she grew to understand about 250 words:…她逐渐掌握了约 250 个单词。grow to 是\"渐渐\"的意思。

5. once:一旦。once是连接词。例如:Children like to cycle once they have learned how. 小孩一旦学会了如何骑自行车，就会喜欢上它。

6. of their own:属于自己的。of their own 的含义与 on their own 不同，on their own 是\"独自\"的意思。

7. the Gardners: Gardner夫妇

8. Scientists like private researcher Jane Goodall believe ... :像个体研究者Jane Goodall这样的科学家相信......，like，(像，跟……一样)是介词，本句的谓语是 believe。句子中的 private

researcher意为\"不受雇于任何单位，自己独立工作的科研人员\"。

练习:

1. Paragraph 1_____ 2. Paragraph 2_____ 3. Paragraph 3_____ 4. Paragraph 4_____

A Reason Why Not Many Scientists Carry out This Research Nowdays B Report about Washoe'.s Progress in Learning Sign Language C Genera1 Information about Washoe

D The Gardeners' Contributions Recognized E Debate on Chimps' Intelligence

F Washoe's Love for Three Young Chimps

5. Washoe could make signs to communicate_____. 6. Some scientists doubted_____.

7. Washoe taught three younger chimps sign language_____. 8. The experimenters thought Washoe was intelligent_____.

A if the Gardeners'argument was sound

B because she was cleverer than other chimps C when she wanted to eat

D while she was at a research center in Ellensburg E because she could use sign language to ask for fruits F while Washoe was learning sign language

答案与题解:

1. C 第一段主要介绍黑猩猩 Washoe 的出生地、死亡年龄、被带到美国学习美式手语等一般情况。用 General Information about Washoe 来概括是很准确的。

2. B 第二段的关键句是: In 1969 ，the Gardners described Washoe's progress in a scientific report。随后的句子简略介绍了 Washoe 的学习情况和结果，如已学会 250 个单词，并能用手语表达\"该吃饭了\"等概念。所以，Report about Washoe's progress in learning sign language (选项 B) 是答案。

3. E 第三段介绍了对 Gardener 夫妇发表的报告有两种不同的解读。一派认为 Washoe 的手语能力只是机械重复、死记硬背、物质激励的结果，不是智能的表现。另一派认为这是智能的表现，其证据是 Washoe 还能教三个小猩猩学习手语。争论的焦点是黑猩猩有没有智能。选项 E 用 debate 来概括上述争论，所以是答案。

4. A 第四段解释了为什么现在从事这项研究的科学家人数不多。部分原因是研究周期太长。 5. C 选 C 的依据是第二段第四句: Washoe made signs to communicate when it was time to eat。 6. A 第三段的上半段说了一些科学家对 Gardener 夫妇的实验的解读所持怀疑态度。题干中出现的 doubted 引导我们选 A。

7. D 选 D 的依据是第三段的最后一句，即 \"He took Washoe to a research center in Ellensburg，Washington. There，Washoe taught sign language to three younger chimpanzees，which are still alive.

8. E 本文第二段谈到实验的成果时有这一个句子: \"She could request foods like apples and bananas.根据全段意思和上述句子，选择 E 是正确的。

阅读理解

第一篇 Telling Tales about People

One of the most common types of nonfiction, and one that many people enjoy reading, is stories about people's lives. These stories fall into three general categories: autobiography, memoir, and biography. An autobiography is the story of a person's life written by himself or herself. Often it begins with the person's earliest recollections and ends in the present. Autobiography writers may not be entirely objective in

the way they present themselves. However, they offer the reader a good look at the way they are and what makes them that way. People as diverse as Benjarmin Franklin and Helen Keller have written autobiographies. 1

Other writers, such as James Joyce，have written thinly fictionalized accounts of their lives. These are not autobiographies，but they are very close to it.

Memoirs, strictly speaking, are autobiographical accounts that focus as much on the events of the times as on the life of the author. 2Memoir writers typically use these events as backdrops for their lives. They describe them in detail and discuss their importance. Recently，though，the term memoir seems to be becoming interchangeab1e with autobiography. A memoir nowadays may or may not deal with the outside world.

Biographies are factual accounts of someone else's life. In many senses，these may be the hardest of the three types to write. Autobiography writers know the events they write about because they lived them. But biography writers have to gather information from as many different sources as possible. Then they have to decide which facts to include. Their goal is to present a balanced picture of a person，not one that is overly positive or too critical. A fair well-presented biography may take years to research and write.

词汇：

backdrop /'bæk,drɔp/ n. 背景 interchangeable /intə 'tʃendʒəbl/ adj. 可转换的

注释：

1. People as diverse as Benjamin Franklin and Helen Keller have written autobiographies. 就像本杰明•富兰克林和海伦•凯勒一样，各种各样的人们已经写了自传。

2. Memoirs，strictly speaking，are autobiographical accounts that focus as much on the events of the times as on the life of the author. 严格意义上来讲，回忆录是既注重作者本身的生活经历，也注重其所处的时代所发生的事件的自传性的描述。

练习：

1. This passage is mostly about _______.

A. the characteristics of autobiographies，memoirs，and biographies B. famous autobiographies

C. why biography can be difficult to write

D. differences between autobiographies and memoirs 2. Helen Keller wrote________. A. a memoir

B. an autobiography C. a work of fiction D. a biography

3. Autobiography writers are not always objective because they________. A. feel they have to make up details to make their books sell B. constantly compete with biography writers C. want to present themselves in a good light D. have trouble remembering the good times

4. The writer introduces each category in the passage by________. A. defining it

B. giving an example

C. explaining why it is hard to write

D. telling when people first began writing it

5. Diverse means________. A. able to swim in deep water B. similar or alike C. varied or different D. enjoying poetry 答案与题解：

1. A 本题问的是：这篇文章主要是关于？文章第一句说到最普遍的非小说类文学作品类型之一就是一些来描述人们生活的故事，这些故事大致分为三类：自传

回忆录和传记。然后通篇对这三种类型进行了介绍，因此A是正确答案。 2. B 本题问的是：海伦·凯勒谢了什么？第二段第5句话写到：就像本明杰·富兰克林和海伦·凯勒一样，各种各样的人们已经写了自传。因此B是正确答案。

3. C本题问的是：自传作者通常不太客观，因为他们？第二段提到：他们给读者提供了一个途径来了解自己比较好的行事风格……，因此答案是C，他们想展示自己好的一面。

4. A本题问的是：本文的作者通过何种方式介绍每种类型的非小说文学作品？答案是A，通过给每个类型进行定义。

5. C本题问的是：diverse 的意思是？其汉语意思为―多种多样的‖，因此C正确。第八篇 The Changing Middle Class

The United States perceives itself to be a middle-class nation. However，middle class is not a real designation，nor does it carry privileges.1 It is more of a perception，which probably was as true as it ever could be right after World War II. The economy was growing，more and more people owned their own homes，workers had solid contracts with the companies that employed them，and nearly everyone who wanted a higher education could have one. Successful people enjoyed upward social mobility. They may have started out poor，but they could become rich. Successful people also found that they had greater geographic mobility. In other words，they found themselves moving to and living in a variety of places.

The middle class collectively holds several values and principles. One strong value is the need to earn enough money to feel that one can determine one's own economic fate. In addition，middle class morality embraces principles of individual responsibility，importance of family, obligations to others，and believing in something outside oneself. 2

But in the 1990s those in the middle class found that there was a price for success. A U. S.News & World Report survey in 1994 indicated that 75 percent of Americans believed that middle class families could no longer make ends meet 3. Both spouses now worked，as did some of the children; long commutes became routine; the need for child care put strains on4 the family; and public schools were not as good as they once were. Members of the middle cIass were no longer financing their lifestyles through earnings but were using credit to stay afloat. The understanding of just what middle class meant was changing.

词汇：

designation /dezig'neiʃən/ n. 称号 commute /kə'mju:t/ n. 上下班路程 mobility /məu'biləti/ n. 流动性

注释：

1. However，middle c1ass is not a real designation，nor does it carry privileges. 然而，中产阶级既不是一个真实的称号，也不会带来特别待遇。

2. In addition，middle-c1ass morality embraces principles of individual responsibility，importance of family，obligations to others，and believing in something outside onesèlf. 另外，中产阶级的道德观包括个人的责

任感、家庭的重要性、对他人的使命感以及相信自我以外的事物。 3. make ends meet：收支相抵，维持生活 4. put strains on：带来压力

练习：

1. The information in this passage deals with_______. A) an individual

B) a social and economic group C) a political organization D) government

2. A common middle class value is that________. A) people should always have fun

B) children should be seen and not heard C) debt is nothing to worry about D) the family is very important

3. ln the years after World War II，the middle class could be defined as_______. A) overburdened and in debt B) hard working and suspicious C) prosperous and optimistic D) young and foolish

4. The phrase ―In other words\" in the first paragraph means that the following statement is_____. A) an exception to the previous idea B) a denial of the previous idea

C) a restatement of the previous idea D) a contrasting idea

5. The word collectively means______. A) as a group B) hesitatingly C) unknowingly D) weakly

答案与题解：

1. B 本题的问题是：本文的信息是关于？本文通篇讲述美国的中产阶级，指的是社会和经济群体，因此选择B。

2. D本题的问题是：一个普遍的中产阶级价值观是？本篇第二段最后一句话讲到，―中产阶级的道德观包括个人的责任感、家庭的重要性、对他人的使命感以及相信自我以外的事物‖。A、B、C三个选项不包括在内，因此正确答案是D。

3. C 本题的问题是：在二战之后的几年，中产阶级可以被定义为，本篇第一段提到了当时美国经济不断增长并且人们生活水平有了提高，因此选择C选项，繁荣并且乐观。

4. C 本题的问题是：第一段中的\"ln other words\"这个短语与下列说法一致的是，\"In other words\"汉语意思是换句话来说，因此正确答案是C。

5. A 本题的问题是：单词\"collectively\"的汉语意思是―相同地‖，选择A。

第十篇 A Letter from Alan

I have learnt of a plan to build three hundred houses on the land called Parson's Place by the football ground. Few people know about this new plan to increase the size of our town. For me，Parson's Place is special because it is a beautiful natural area where local people can relax - the small wood has many unusual trees and the stream is popular with fishermen and bird-watchers. It's very quiet because there are few houses or roads nearby. I think that losing this area will be terrible because we have no other similar facilities in the neighbourhood.

I am also against this plan because it will cause traffic problems. How will the people from the new houses travel to work? The motorway and the railway station are on the other side of town.

Therefore，these people will have to drive through the town centre every time they go anywhere.

The roads will always be full of traffic，there will be nowhere to park and the tourists who come to see our lovely old buildings will leave. Shops and hotels will lose business. If the town really needs more homes，the empty ground beside the railway station is a more suitable place.

No doubt the builders will make a lot of money by selling these houses. But，in my opinion，the average person will quickly be made poorer by this plan. As well as this，we will lose a very special place and our town will be much less pleasant.

I am going to the local government offices on Monday morning to protest about this plan and I hope that your readers will join me there. We must make them stop this plan before it is too late. 词汇:

facility /fə‘siləti/ n. 场所，设施 protest /prəu‘test/ v. 抗议

motorway / ‗məutəwei / n. 高速公路

注释:

1. For me，Parson's Place is special because it is a beautiful natural area where local people can

relax—the small wood has many unusual trees and the stream is popular with fishermen and bird-watchers. 对我来说，帕森场是非常特别的，因为它是一个美丽的天然场地并且当地人可以在此放松休息。这片小树林里有许多独特的树木并且这里的小溪受到了渔夫和野鸟观察者的欢迎。

2. The roads will always be full of traffic，there will be nowhere to park and the tourists who come to see our lovely old buildings will leave. 公路上将总是有很多车辆，却没有地方停车，并且来参观我们这儿可爱的老式建筑物的观光者将会离开这里。

3. As well as this，we will lose a very special place and our town will be much less pleasant.不但如此，我们将失去一个非常特别的地方并且我们的城镇将会失去很多快乐。

练习:

1. Why has Alan written this letter?

A) To persuade the government to build new houses. B) To protest about a new motorway near the town.

C) To encourage more people in the town to use Parson's Place. D) To inform other people about the builders' plans.

2. Why is Parson's Place particularly important，in Alan's opinion? A) Because it is near the football ground. B) Because lots of people live near it.

C) Because it is a place near the town where people can enjoy nature. D) Because local people can get there easily by car from the town. 3. What will cause traffic jams? A) A building on Parson's Place.

B) Building near the railway station. C) Tourists in the narrow streets.

D) People going to the shops and hotels.

4. Alan says that ordinary people who live in the town will probably soon _____. A) open new shops and hotels B) choose to live near the station C) be able to buy new homes D) have less money

5. Which of these posters has Alan made? A) SAVE OUR SPORTS GROUND

B) SAY NO TO HOUSES ON PARSON' S PLACE C) WE NEED HOMES NOT HOTELS D) USE THE TRAIN NOT THE ROAD

答案与题解:

1. D 本题问的是:为什么Alan写这封信? A、B、C选项在文中没有提到，D选项的意思是让其他人了解建筑商的计划，因此 D是正确答案。

2. C 本题问的是:在Alan看来，为什么帕森场非常重要?第一段中提到―因为它是一个美丽的天然场地并且当地人可以在此放松休息‖。因此 C 是正确答案。

3. A 本题问的是:什么将会引起交通堵塞?第二段提到了，如果按照建筑商的计划，那么―公路上将总是有很多车辆，却没有地方来停车‖。因此选择 A。

4. D 本题问的是:Alan说住在城镇的人们将来可能会，本文第三段提到―每个人将会因这个计划的实施而快速地变穷\"。因此选择 D。

5. B 本题问的是:以下哪个是Alan制作的海报? Alan在本文中一直在说抵制建筑商在帕森场上建造房屋的计划，因此选择 B，对帕森场上的房屋说不。

第十一篇 The Development of Ballet

Ballet is a dance form that has a long history. The fact that it survives to this day shows that it has adjusted as times have changed.

Ballet began in the royal courts during the Renaissance. At that time it became common for

kings and queens，as well as other nobility，to participate in pageants that included music，poetry，

and dance. As these entertainments moved from the Italian courts to the French ones，court ladies began participating in them. Though their long dresses prevented much movement，they were able to perform elaborate walking patterns. It was not until the 1600s that women dancers shortened their skirts，changed to flat shoes，and began doing some of the leaps and turns performed by men.

It was also in the 1600s that professional ballet began. King Louis XIV of France，himself a devoted dancer，founded the Royal Academy of Dance. The five basic feet positions from which all ballet steps begin were finalized. In the late 1700s another important change occurred. Ballet began to tell a story on its own. It was no longer simply dance to be performed between acts of plays. Elaborate wigs and costumes were eliminated. By the early 1800s dancers learned to rise on their toes to make it appear that they were floating.

Classical ballet as we know it today was influenced primarily by Russian dancing. The Russians remained interested in ballet when it declined in other European countries in the mid -1800s. One of the most influential figures of the early 20th century was Sergei Diaghilev. His

dance company，the Ballets Russes，brought a new energy and excitement to ballet. One of his

chief assistants，George Balanchine，went on to found the New York City Ballet in 1948 and to influence new generations of dancers. 词汇:

adjust / ə' dʒʌst/v. 调整 eliminate /i'limineit/ v. 淘汰

pageant / 'pædʒ ənt / n. 盛会 influential / influ'enʃəl/adj. 有影响力的注释:

1. At that time it became common for kings and queens，as well as other nobility，to participate in pageants that included music，poetry，and dance. 在那时，芭蕾舞在国王、王后以及贵族之间变得普遍，并且与音乐、诗歌以及舞蹈一起参与到盛会的表演。

2. It was not until the 1600s that women dancers shortened their skirts，changed to flat shoes，and began doing some of the leaps and turns performed by men. 直到17世纪女舞者缩短了她们的裙子，改穿平底鞋，并且通过男舞者的帮助开始做一些跳跃和转圈动作。

3. The five basic feet positions from which all ballet steps begin were finalized. 由此正式确定了脚的5个基本位置，这 5个外开的位置成为发展芭蕾舞技术的基础。

练习:

1. This passage deals mainly with _____. A) famous names in ballet

B) French versus Russian ballet C) the way ballet developed

D) why ballet is no longer popular

2. An important influence in early ballet was_____. A) Balanchine

B) Marie Antoinette C) Diaghilev D) Louis XIV

3. You can conclude from this passage that ballet_____. A) is a dying art

B) will continue to change as new people and ideas influence it C) is only currently performed in Russia and the United States D) is often performed by dancers with little training 4. The information in this passage is presented_____. A) through the story of one dancer

B) by describing various positions and steps C) by listing reasons why ballet has succeeded D) in chronological order

5. The word pageants means_____. A) dances B) instructors C) kings

D) elaborate shows

答案与题解:

1. C 本题问的是:这篇文章主要讲述的是，A、B、D 选项都是文章的一部分，而本文主要讲的就是芭蕾舞的发展，因此 C 是正确答案。

2. D 本题问的是:对于早期芭蕾舞最重要的影响是，本文第三段提到―在 17 世纪，专业的芭蕾舞蹈团应运而生‖―法国国王路易十四建立了皇家舞蹈学院‖，因此 D 是正确答案。

3. B 本题问的是:从这篇文章你可以总结出芭蕾，A 、C、D 选项在文中没有提到，结合本文最后一段可以看出 B 选项是正确的，芭蕾将随着新的人物和新的想法而改变。

4. D 本题问的是:本文的信息是通过何种方式介绍的。本文从芭蕾舞的起源开始一直介绍到芭蕾舞的现况，因此选择 D，按照时间前后的顺序。

5. D 本题问的是:单词 pageant 的汉语意思是什么，正确答案是 D ，盛大的表演。

第十六篇 The Sahara

The name Sahara derives from the Arabic word for \"desert\" or \"steppe\". At 3. 5 million square miles，an area roughly the size of the United States，the Sahara Desert in northern Africa is the largest desert in the world. lt spans the continent from the Atlantic Ocean to the Red Sea. Daytime temperatures can reach as high as 130°F. The humidity sometimes gets into the teens. But it can also be as low as 2. 5 percent，the lowest in the world. Most of the Sahara receives less than five inches of rain per year，while large areas sometimes have no rainfall at all for years.

At the heart of the Sahara is the landlocked north African country of Niger. Here the sand

dunes can be 100 feet tall and several miles long. Here sand plains stretch over an area larger than Germany where there is neither water nor towns. Yet sitting in the midst of the surrounding desert is the town of Bilma. Suddenly there are pools of cIear water. Surprisingly，there are groves of date palms. Underground water resources，or oases，sufficient to support irrigated agriculture are found in dry stream beds and depressions. Irrigation ditches run off a creek to water fields. Corn，cassava，tea，peanuts，hot peppers，and orange，lime，and grapefruit trees grow in these fields. Donkeys and goats graze on green grass.

The Sahara of Niger is still a region where you can see a camel caravan of 500 camels tied together in loose lines as long as a mile，traveling toward such oasis towns. There a caravan will collect life-sustaining salt，which is mined from watery basins，and transport it up to 400 miles back to settlements on the edges of the desert. The round trip across the vast sands takes one month.

词汇:

Humidity /hju'mId ət l/ n. 湿度 irrigate / ' lrlgelt/ v. 灌溉

stretch / stretʃ/ v. 伸展 camel /'kæm əl/ n. 骆驼 date palms n. 椰枣树注释:

1. Underground water resources，or oases，sufficient to support irrigated agriculture are found in dry stream beds and depressions. 在干河床和洼地处可找到充足的地下水资源或者绿洲来支持灌溉农业。

2. Irrigation ditches run off a creek to water fields. 灌溉沟渠通过一条小溪到达水田中。 3. Donkeys and goats graze on green grass. 青草上放养着驴和山羊。

练习:

1. This passage is mostly about _______. A) life in the Sahara B) the deserts of Africa C) Bilma

D) how camels travel in the desert

2. Rainfall in most of the Sahara is_______. A) less than five inches per year B) less than ten inches per year C) less than twenty inches per year D) zero

3. The Sahara can be described as_______. A) a place of contrasts

B) a place where no one Iives

C) an area where the winters are cold D) an area that appeals to many tourists

4. The phrase \"an area roughly the size of the United States\" gives an indication of the size of_______. A) northern Africa B) Niger C) the Sahara D) all of Africa

5. In this passage caravan means _______. A) traveling circus

B) group traveling together through difficult country C) railroad train

D) a small，fast sailing ship

答案与题解:

1. A 本题问的是:这篇文章主要讲了什么?根据文段，本文主要介绍了撒哈拉沙漠的地理概况，城镇的农业，以及城镇之间的日常来往。B 选项范围过宽。C 选项不全面，文章不止介绍了比尔马的情况。D 选项文中没有具体介绍。所以 A 是对的。

2. A 本题问的是:在撒哈拉的绝大多数地区，降雨情况如何?根据第一段的最后一句话，撒哈拉的绝大多数地区每年降雨量低于 5 英寸。所以 A 正确。

3. A 本题问的是:撒哈拉沙漠可以被描述成什么? A 的意思是，一个具有强烈对比的地方。B 的意思是杳无人烟的地方。C 的意思是冬天很冷的地区。D 的意思是吸引很多游客的地方。B，C，D 均不符合文意，因此 A 正确。

4. C 本题问的是:句子―大约和美国大小相当的地区‖指明的是什么地方的大小?根据第一段的第二句话可知，本句的主语是撒哈拉沙漠。因此 C 正确。

5. B 本题问的是:文中―caravan‖的意思是什么? A 的意思是旅行马戏团。C 是火车。D 是又小又快的帆船。根据文中的介绍，穿过沙漠的驼队由上百只骆驼组成，来到绿洲城镇收集盐，因此 B 选项―一群人一起穿过条件恶劣的国家‖是正确的。

*第十九篇 The Family

The structure of a family takes different forms around the world and even in the same society. The family's form changes as it adapts to changing social and economic influences. Until recently, the most common form in North America was the nuclear family，consisting of a married couple with their minor children. The nuclear family is an independent unit. It must be prepared to fend for itself. Individual family members strongly depend on one another. There is little help from outside the family in emergencies. Elderly relatives of a nuclear family are cared for only if it is possible for the family to do so. In North America，the elderly often do not live with the family ; they live in retirement communities and nursing homes. There are many parallels between the nuclear family in industrial societies，such as North

America，and of families in societies such as that of the Inuits，who live in harsh environments. The nuclear family structure is well adapted to a life of mobility. In harsh conditions，mobility allows the family to hunt for food. For North Americans，the hunt for jobs and improved social status also requires mobility. The nuclear family was not always the North American standard. In a more agrarian time，the small nuclear family was usually part of a larger extended family. This might have included grandparents，mother and father，brothers and sisters，uncles，aunts，and cousins. In North America today，there is a dramatic rise in the number of single-parent households. Twice as many households in the United States are headed by divorced，separated，or never-married individuals as are comprised of nuclear families. The structure of the family，not just in North America, but throughout the world，continues to change as it adapts to changing conditions.

词汇:

nuclear /'nju:kh/ adj. 原子核的，中心的 harsh /ha:ʃ/ n. 严酷的

emergency /I'mʒ:dʒənsI/ n. 紧急状况 agranan / ə'greərlən/ adj. 土地的，耕地的

注释:

1. lt must be prepared to fend for itself. 它必须能够照料自己。

2. In North America，the elderly often do not live with the family; they live in retirement communities and nursing homes. 在北美洲，老人很少和家人一起生活;他们一般住在退休社区和养老机构。

3. In harsh conditions，mobility allows the family to hunt for food. :在恶劣的条件下，流动性能让一个家庭吃饱饭。

练习:

1. Another good title for this passage would be_____. A) What Makes a Family? B) The Life of the Inuits. C) Living with Hardship.

D) The Failure of theNuclear Family. 2. A nuclear family is defined as_____.

A) a married couple with their minor children B) a single father with，minor children C) parents，grandparents，and children D) parents，children，and aunts and uncles

3. The information in this passage would most likely be found in_____. A) an anthropology textbook

B) a biology textbook C) a mathematics textbook D) a geography textbook

4. The information in the first paragraph is presented mainly through _____. A) listing statistics B) telling a story

C) pointing out similarities D) pointing out differences

5. The word mobility means_____. A) money

B) readiness to move C) organization D) skill

答案与题解:

1. A 本题问的是:这篇文章的题目还可以是什么? A 的意思是是什么构成了一个家。B 的意思是因纽特人的生活。C 的意思是生活得很艰难。D 的意思是核心家庭的失败之处。根据文意，本文主要介绍了与家庭相关的信息。B 不是主要内容。C 未提到。D 未提到。因此A 是正确的答案。

2. A 本题问的是:核心家庭的定义是什么?根据第一段的第三句话:Until recently，the most common form in North America was the nuclear family，consisting of a married couple with their minor children. 可知 A 是正确的答案。

3. A 本题问的是:这篇文章最有可能出自哪里? A 的意思是人类学课本。B 的意思是生物课本。C的意思是数学课本。D 的意思是地理课本。本文主要介绍了家庭，因此最有可能是人类学课本。所以 A 是正确的答案。

4. C 本题问的是:第一段的信息主要以何种方式陈述的?根据第一段的陈述方式，并没有列出数据或者讲故事，而是通过描述共性而阐述出核心家庭的概念。因此 C 是正确的答案。

5. B 本题问的是:mobility 的词意。Mobility 是 mobile 的名词形式。根据文中第二段，核心家庭能够生存下去最重要的是能够有流动性，而钱、组织或是技能都不是能够使一个家庭吃饱饭的必要条件。因此 B 是正确的答案。

*第二十篇 Tales of the Terrible Past

It is not the job of fiction writers to analyze and interpret history. Yet by writing about the past in a vivid and compelling manner，storytellers can bring earlier eras to life and force readers to consider them seriously. Among those taking on the task of recounting history are some black writers who attempt to examine slavery from different points of view.

Nobel Prize-winning author Toni Morrison deals specifically with the legacy of slavery in her book Beloved. The main character in this novel，a former slave called Sethe，lives in Ohio in the years following the Civil War，but she cannot free herself from her horrific memories. Through a series of flashbacks and bitter reminiscences，the reader learns how and why Sethe escaped from the plantation she had lived on; the fate of her husband，who also tried to escape; and finally，what happened to the child called Beloved. Morrison's scenes of torture and murder are vivid and strongly convey the desperation of the slaves and the cruelty of their owners.

Charles Johnson's Middle Passage approaches slavery from a different，yet no less violent，vantage point. His main character，Rutherfprd Calhoun，is a ne'er-do-well free black American who stows away on a slave

ship bound for Africa to collect its \"cargo\". Put to work after he is discovered，Calhoun witnesses firsthand the appalling conditions in which the captured Africans are transported. When they finally rebel and take over the ship，he finds himself in the middle -- and is forced to come to terms with who he is and what his values are.

Neither Beloved nor Middle Passage is an easy read，but both exemplify African American writers' attempts to bring significant historical situations alive for a modem audience. 词汇:

interpret /in'tə:prit/ v. 解释，翻译 desperation /despə'reiʃən/ n. 绝望的境地 recount /ri'kaunt / v. 叙述 capture /'kæptʃə / v. 俘获 slavery /'sleivəri / n. 奴隶制度注释:

1. Yet by writing about the past in a vivid and compelling manner，storytellers can bring earlier eras to life and force readers to consider them seriously. 然而通过用一种生动有趣的方式来描写过去，小说家可以将早期时代重现，并引起读者的重视。

2. His main character. Rutherford Calhoun. is a ne'er-do-well free black American who stows away on a slave ship bound for Africa to collect its \"cargo\" .他的主人公叫做 Rutherford Calhoun，是一个游手好闲，身份自由的美国黑人。他偷偷登上了一艘开往非洲贩卖奴隶的船只。

练习:

1. This passage is mostly about__________. A) the causes of slavery in America B) black writers in the late 20th century

C) why Morrison and Johnson wrote the books they did D) two novels that deal with slavery 2. Beloved is set__________. A) on a slave ship

B) on a plantation before the Civil War C) in Ohio after the Civil War D) in an African town

3. The writer seems to feel that__________.

A) eveyone should read Morrison's and Johnson's novels B) the books are worthwhile but challenging C) black writers should ignore racial issues

D) we will repeat the past if we don‘t learn about it

4. The writer emphasizes that the two books are similar in their__________. A) use of flashbacks B) treatment of women C) criticism of whites D) portrayal of violence

5. The word appalling means__________. A) terrible B) surprising C) guilty D) unrealistic

答案与题解:

1. D 本题问的是:这篇文章主要讲什么? A的意思是美国奴隶制的原因。B的意思是20世纪的黑人作家。C的意思是莫里森和约翰逊写书的原因。D的意思是关于奴隶制的两本小说。本文主要介绍了莫里森和约翰逊各自关于奴隶制的小说的主要内容，因此D是正确的答案。

2. C 本题问的是:―宠儿‖的设置背景是什么?根据第二段的第二句话:a fornier slave called

Sethe，lives in Ohio in the years following the Civil War可知其背景是在内战之后的俄亥俄州。因此C是正确的答案。

3. B 本题问的是:作者的感觉是什么?A的意思是每个人都应该读莫里森和约翰逊的小说。B的意思是这些作品非常值得写但又很有挑战性。C的意思是黑人作家应当忽略种族问题。D的意思是如果我们没有学习过去，那么这些过去会重现。A，C，D原文没有体现，因此B是正确的答案。

4.D 本题问的是:作者强调两部作品的共同之处是什么?根据第三段的第一句话:yet no less violent可知两部作品都有对暴力的描写。因此D是正确的答案。

5. A 本题问的是:appalling的意思是什么?根据第三段对运送非洲人去美国的描述可知，此状况必然是不好的，糟糕的。A的意思是糟糕的。B的意思是令人惊讶的。C的意思是有罪的。D的意思是不现实的。因此根据文意，A是正确的答案。

*第二十六篇 Seeing the World Centuries Ago

If you enjoy looking through travel books by such familiar authors as Arthur Frommer or Eugene Fodor，it will not surprise you to lean that travel writing has a long and venerable history. Almost from the earliest annals of recorded time individuals have found ready audiences for their accounts of journeys to strange and exotic locales.1

One of the earliest travel writers，a Greek geographer and historian named Strabo，lived around the time of Christ. Though Strabo is known to have traveled from east of the Black Sea west to Italy and as far south as Ethiopia，he also used details gleaned from other writers to extend and enliven his accounts. His multivolumed work Geography provides the only surviving account of the cities，peoples，customs，and geographical peculiarities of the whole known world of his time.

Two other classic travel writers，the ltalian Marco Polo and the Moroccan Ibn Battutah，lived in roughly the same time period. Marco Polo traveled to China with his father and uncle in about A.D.1275 and remained there 16 or 17 years，visiting several other countries during his travels. When Marco returned to ltaly he dictated his memoirs，including stories he had heard from others，to a scribe，with the resulting book II milione being an instant success.Though difficult to attest to the accuracy of all he says，Marco's book impelled Europeans to begin their great voyages of exploration. 2

lbn Battutah's interest in travel began on his required Muslim joumey to Mecca in 1325，and during his lifetime he journeyed through all the countries where Islam held sway. 3 His travel book

the Rihlah is a personalized account of desert journeys，court intrigues，and even the effect of the Back Death in the various lands he visited . In almost 30 years of traveling it is estimated that Ibn Battutah covered more than 75，000 miles.

词汇:

venerable / 'venərəbl/ adj. 庄严的，值得尊敬的 enliven /in'laivən/ v. 使生动 account /ə'kaunt/ n. 记述 voyage /'vɔiidʒ / n. 航行 exotic /ig'zɔtik/ v. 异国的，外来的

注释:

1. Almost from the earliest annals of recorded time individuals have found ready audiences for their accounts of journeys to strange and exotic locales. 几乎从最早有时间记载开始，人们就发现，他们对去一个陌生地方旅行的记录是不乏读者的。

2. …Marco's book impelled Europeans to begin their great voyages of exploration.……马可的书促使欧洲人开始了他们伟大的航海探索之旅。

3. …he journeyed through all the countries where Islam held sway.……他去了所有伊斯兰教掌权的国家旅行。

练习:

1. This passage is mostly about__________. A) why people find travel writing exciting B) the literary style of three early travel writers

C) where three early travel writers went and wrote about D) how to write a travel book

2.Ibn Battutah traveled__________. A) to China B) to Ethiopia

C) throughout the Muslim word D) for 16 or 17 years

3. The books bf the three writers were popular because__________. A) they listed good places to stay

B) they told of strange and exotic locales

C) they explained the best routes to get to places D) all of their stories were firsthand accounts

4. The overall organization of this passage is through__________. A) chronological order B) spatial description

C) travel writers‘ personal narratives D) persuasive details

5. In this passage attest means to__________. A) give an examination to B) draw a map of C) tell lies to D) give proof of

答案与题解：

1.C 本题问的是:这篇文章主要讲了什么? A的意思是为什么人们觉得旅行写作令人激动。

B 的意思是三位早期旅行作家的文学风格。C的意思是三位早期旅行作家去过的地方以及他们的写作内容。D的意思是如何写一部旅行作品。根据本文内容，C选项最符合题意。因此C是正确的答案。 2.C 本题问的是:Ibn Battutah到过哪里旅行?根据最后一段的第一句话:he journeyed through all the countries where Islam held sway，可知，他去过了所有穆斯林的国家。因此C是正确的答案。

3.B 本题问的是:三位作家的作品都很受欢迎，原因是什么? A 的意思是他们列出了好的地方。B的意思是他们写出了陌生的外面的地方。C的意思是他们说明了去一些地方的最好路线。D的意思是他们的

所有故事都是一手资料。根据第一段的最后一句话可知，旅行作品吸引读者的地方在于它描述了一个陌生的地方，因此B是正确的答案。

4.A 本题问的是:这篇文章的整体布局是依照什么?本文主要依照时间顺序介绍了公元前后的三位作家，按时间先后用序，因此A是正确的答案。

5. D 本题问的是:在这篇文章中attest是什么意思? attest出现在第三段的最后一句话，为的是表达马可所说的无法被证实是否都属实。A的意思是考察。B的意思是画一张地图。C的意思是说谎。D的意思是证实。因此D是正确的答案。

*第三十篇 “Lucky” Lord Lucan ----- Alive or Dead

On 8th November 1974 Lord Lucan，a British aristocrat，vanished. The day before，his children's nanny had been brutally murdered and his wife had been attacked too. To this day the British public are still interested in the murder case because Lucan has never been found. Now，over 30 years later，the police have reopened，the case，hoping that new DNA techniques will he1p solve this murder mystery.1

People suspected that―Lucky‖，as he was called by friends，wanted to kill his wife he no longer lived with. They say that Lucan entered his old house and in the dark，killed the nanny by mistake. His estranged wife heard noises，came downstairs and was also attacked，but managed to escape. Seven months after the murder，a jury conc1uded that Lucan had ki1led the nanny.

What happened next is unc1ear，but there are several theories which fall into one of three categories：he may have killed himself，he could have escaped or he might have been killed. It appears that the night after the murder，―Lucky‖borrowed a car and drove it，Lucan's friend Aspinall said in an interview that he thought Lucan had committed suicide by sinking his boat in the English Channel.

Another version of events says that ―Lucky‖ left the blood-soaked car on the coast and took a ferry to France.2 He was met there by someone who drove him to safety in another country. However，after a time，his rescuers became worried that they would become involved in the murder too and so Lucan was killed.

A further fascinating theory was made in the book Dead Lucky by Duncan MacLaughlin，a former detective. He believes that Lucan travelled to Goa，India，where he assumed the identity of a Mr Barry Haplin. Lucan then lived in Goa till his death in 1996. In the end the c1aim turned out be a case of mistaken identity. The man who died in 1996 was real1y Haplin，an ex-schoolteacher turned hippy. So what is the truth about

Lucky? DNA testing has solved many murder cases，but who knows if it can cIose the book on this one. 3

词汇：

vanish / 'værnf / v. 消失 suicide /'sjvisaid/ n. 自杀 case / keis / n. 案件 detective / d‘ tekt iv/ n. 侦探 nanny /'næni/ n. 保姆

注释：

1. Now，over 30 years later，the police have reopened the case，hoping that new DNA techniques will help solve this murder mystery. 30 多年后的今天，警察重新调查案件，希望新的 DNA技术帮助揭开这个谋杀之谜。

2. Another version of events says that ―Lucky‖ left the blood-soaked car on the coast and took a ferry to France. 另一个版本是说―幸运的‖把被血染了的车子扔在了海岸上，乘上了一艘开往法国的船。 3. DNA testing has solved many murder cases，but who knows if it can close the book on this one. DNA 鉴定破了很多谋杀案件，但是不知它能否把这个案件做个了结。

练习：

1. The public are still interested in the investigation because______. A) of the terrible murder

B) of the use of new DNA techniques C) Lord Lucan has never been found D) Loard Lucan was famous

2. It is thought that Lucan killed the nanny because______. A) she was looking after the children B) she was a friend of Lucan's

C) it was dark and he thought she was Lady Lucan D) Loard Lucan thought the nanny stole his car 3. Aspinall thought Lucan killed himself by______. A) jumping into water

B) jumping out of his house C) sailing his boat D) sinking his boat

4. Lucan could have been killed because people ______. A) didn't want the police to catch him

B) thought he might talk to the police about them if he was caught C) were unhappy with him D) thought he was rich

5. Ex-detective MacLaughlin claimed that Mr Barry Haplin ______. A) was an old schoolteacher B) died in Goa，India

C) was really Lord Lucan in disguise D) was a merchant

答案与题解：

1. C 本题问的是：公众对这件谋杀的调查依旧很感兴趣的原因是什么?根据第一段第二句话：To this day the British public are still interested in the murder case because. Lucan has never been found. 可知 C 是正确的答案。

2. C 本题问的是：Lucan 被认为是杀了保姆的凶手是因为什么? A 的意思是保姆正在照看孩子。B 的意思是她是 Lucan 的一个朋友。C 的意思是一片漆黑中 Lucan 以为她是自己的太太。D 的意思是Lucan 认为保姆偷了他的车。根据原文意思，可知 C 是正确的答案。

3. D本题问的是：Aspinall 认为 Lucan 是怎样自杀的?根据第三段的最后一句话：他觉得 Lucan 伯爵在英吉利海峡弄沉了自己坐的船，已经自杀了。因此 D 是正确的答案。

4. B本题问的是：Lucan 可能已经被杀了，原因是什么?根据第四段的最后一句话：他们担心自己也会被卷入到谋杀案件中，因此杀了 Lucan。最符合此意的选项为 B ，意思为他们觉得如果 Lucan 被捕，他有可能跟警察提起这些人。

5. C 本题问的是：前侦探 MacLaughlin 声称Barry Haplin是什么?根据本文最后一段：

MacLaughlin确信，Lucan 逃到了印度的果阿，在那里他换了个身份假装 Barry Haplin 这个人。C的意思是 Barry Haplin 是 Lucan 伯爵假装的。因此C是正确的答案。

*第三十三篇 Oseola McCarty

LATE ONE SUNDAY AFTERNOON in September 1999，Oseola McCarty，an elderly cleaning lady passed away in the little wooden frame house where she had lived and worked most of her life. It may seem like an ordinary end to a humble life，but there was something quite exceptional about this woman. 1

In the summer of 1995 ，McCarty gave $ 150，000，most of the money she had saved throughout her life，to the University of Southern Mississippi in her hometown. The money was to help other African Americans through university. She had started her savings habit as a young child when she would return from school to clean and iron for money which she would then save.

She led a simple，frugal existence，never spending on anything but her most basic needs. 2 Her bank also advised her on investing her hard-earned savings.

When she retired，she decided that she wanted to use the money to give children of limited

Means the opportunity to go to university. 3 She had wanted to become a nurse，but had to leave school to look after ill relatives and work. When asked why she had given her life savings away，she replied，―I‘m giving it away so that children won't have to work so hard，like I did. ‖ After news of her donation hit the media，over 600 donations were made to the scholarship fund. One was given by media executive，Ted Turner，who reputedly gave a billion dollars.

She didn't want any fuss made over her gift，but the news got out and she was invited all over the United States to talk to people. Wherever she went ，people would come up to her to say a few words or to just touch her. She met the ordinary and the famous，President Clinton included. In the last few years of her life，before she died of cancer，McCarty was given over 300 awards：she was honoured by the United Nations and received the Presidential Citizen' s Medal. Despite having no real education，she found herself with two honorary doctorates：one from the University of Southern Mississippi and the other from Harvard University. Her generosity was clearly an inspiration to many and proof that true selflessness does exist.

词汇:

frugal /'fru:gəl/ adj. 节约的，俭朴的，花钱少的，物质

的，廉价的 fuss /fʌs / n. 慌乱，小题大做，抱怨争吵 V. 忙 donation /dəv‘neifə n/ n. 捐赠，捐款，捐赠的乱，(为小事)烦恼抱怨

注释:

1. It mayseem like an ordinary end to a humble life，but there was something quite exceptional about this woman. 这位老妇人看似平凡的一生却有着非同寻常的意义。

2. She led a simple，frugal existence，never spending on anything but her most basic needs. 她一生过着简单、节俭的生活，除了生活必需品外她从不在其他事情上花钱。

3. When she retired，she decided that she wanted to use the money to give children of limited means the opportunity to go to university. 当她退休的时候，她决定用钱给那些条件有限的孩子提供上大学的机会。

练习:

1. This woman shocked and inspired the world because _______. A) she had managed to save so much money B) she gave her money to African Americans

C) she gave her life savings to help others through university D) she only spent money on cheap things

2. She managed to save so much mOI1y because_______.

A) she had ironed and washed clothes all her life

B) she had worked hard ，saved hard and invested carefully C) she had opened a good向 bank account D) she knew how to make money

3. She gave her money away because_______. A) she wanted to help -the university

B) she wanted others to have the chance to become nurses

C) she wanted others to have the opportunity to escape a hard life D) she want to be remembered after her death 4. When her generosity was made_______. A) people donated billions

B) hundreds of students got scholarships

C) hundreds of people put money into the fund D) she was sent to university

5. McCarty became famous because _______. A) of her generosity

B) of her exceptional skills C) she had saved $ 150，000 D) she travelled all over America

答案与题解:

1. C 本题的问题是:这个女人震撼和鼓舞世界的原因是什么?从文章的第一段最后一句看出这个女人有不同于寻常人的地方，第二段第一句直接给出了她不同寻常有着卓越意义的原因，即捐款 150000 美元。故此题答案为 C。A、B 项不切题。D 选项未提及。

2. B本题的问题是:她能够攒下如此多的钱的原因是什么?从文中第二段最后一句话与第三段第一句话可以得出结论，她从年轻的时候便开始有积蓄的习惯并且除了生活必需品外几乎没有开销，故本题答案为 B。A 项不切题，C，D 项未提及。

3. C本题的问题是:她把钱捐出来的原因是什么?由第四段中间她的回答可知，她是想让孩子们摆脱苦难的生活，不用生活得如此艰辛。故此题答案为 C。

4. C 本题的问题是:她的慷慨行为公之于世后有什么样的影响?由第四段最后两句可得出答

案，原文只提及一个名为 Ted Turner 的人捐款十亿美元，所以 A 选项不正确，B 选项不切题，D 选项未提及，故本题正确答案为 C。

5. A本题的问题是：McCarty 因什么而闻名?总览全文可知A为正确答案C，D 选项不切题， B 选项未提及。

+第三十四篇 To Have and Have Not

It had been boring hanging about the hotel all afternoon. The road crew were playing a game with dollar notes. Folding them into small planes to see whose would fly the furthest.1 Having nothing better to do，I joined in and won five，and then took the opportunity to escape with my profit. Despite the evil-looking clouds，I had to get out for a while.

I headed for a shop on the other side of the street. Unlike the others，it didn't have a sign shouting its name and business，and instead of the usual impersonal modern lighting，there was an appealing glow inside. Strangely nothing was displayed in the window. Not put off by this，I went inside.

It took my breath away. I didn't know where to look, where to start. On one wall there hung three

hand-stitched American quilts that were in such wonderful condition they might have been newly-made. I came across tin toys and antique furniture, and on the wall in front of me, a 1957 Stratocaster guitar , also in excellent condition. A card pushed between the strings said $50. I ran my hand along a long shelf of records, reading their titles. And there was more...

―Can I help you？‖ She startled me. I hadn't even seen the woman behind the counter come in. The way she looked at me, so directly and with such power. It was a look of such intensity that for a moment I felt as if I were wrapped in some kind of magnetic or electrical field. I found it hard to take and almost turned away. But though it was uncomfortable. I was fascinated by the experience of her looking straight into me, and by the feeling that I was neither a stranger, nor strange, to her.

Besides amusement her expression showed sympathy. It was impossible to tell her age；she reminded me faintly of my grandmother because, although her eyes were friendly, I could see that she was not a woman to fall out with. I spoke at last. 'I was just looking really,' I said, though secretly wondering how much of the stuff I could cram into the bus.

The woman turned away and went at once towards a back room, indicating that I should follow her. But it in no way lived up to the first room. The light made me feel peculiar, too. It came from an oil lamp that was hung from the centre of the ceiling and created huge shadows over everything. There were no rare electric guitars, no old necklaces, no hand-painted boxes with delicate flowers. It was also obvious that it must have taken years, decades, to collect so much rubbish, so many old documents arid papers.

I noticed some old books, whose gold lettering had faded, making their titles impossible to read. 'They look interesting,' I said, with some hesitation. 'To be able to understand that kind of writing you must first have had a similar experience,' she said clearly. She noted the confused look on my face, but didn't add anything.

She reached up for a small book which she handed to me. 'This is the best book I can give you at the moment,' she laughed. ―If you use it.‖ I opened the book to find it full. or rather empty, with blank white pages, but paid her the few dollars she asked for it, becoming embarrassed when I realised the notes were still folded into little paper planes. I put the book in my pocket, thanked her and left.

词汇：

impersonal /im'pə:sənəl/ adj. 客观的；非个人的；没有人情味的；[语] 非人称的 n.[语]非人称动词；不具人格的事物

antique /æn'ti:k/ adj. 古老的，年代久远的 n. 古董，古玩 startle /'stɑ:tl/ vt. vi. 使吓一跳，使惊奇 n.惊愕，惊恐 arid / 'ærid/ adj. 干旱的，枯萎的。毫无生气的 magnetic /mæg'netik/ adj. 有吸引力的，磁极的

注释：

1. The road crew were playing a game with dollar notes. Folding them into small planes to see whose would for the furthest.

巡回乐团道具管理组的成员在用美元玩儿游戏，把纸币折成纸飞机的形状然后看谁飞得最远。

2. I was fascinated by the experience of her looking straight into me, and by the feeling that I was neither a stranger , nor strange, to her. 我还是觉得那种被直视的感觉很美妙，那种感觉是我既不是陌生人而且对她来说并不陌生。

3. The light made me feel peculiar, too. It came from an oil lamp that was hung the centre of the ceiling and created huge shadows over everything.

房间的灯光也让我感觉和特别，灯光来自天花板上的油灯，使一切都笼罩在巨大的阴影之下。

练习：

1. Why did the writer want to leave the hotel? A) To enjoy the good weather. B) To have a change of scene. C) To spend all his winnings. D) To get away from the crew.

2. What attracted the writer to the shop? A) The lack of a sign or name. B) The fact that it was nearby. C) The empty window display. D) The light coming from inside.

3. The writer found the stock in the front of the shop__________. A) of top quality B) of good value C) difficult to get at D) badly displayed

4. What was unusual about the way the woman looked at him? A) It made him feel self-conscious. B) She was happy to stare at him. C) She seemed to know him well. D) It made him want to look away.

5. The writer disliked the back room because__________. A) there was hardly anything in it B) she had ordered him to go there C) he saw nothing he really liked D) it was too dark to look around

答案与题解：

1. B 本题的问题是：为什么作者想要离开宾馆？由本文第一段第一句可以得出答案。在宾馆是十分无聊的，最后一句也写出作者不顾天气不好而想要出去走走，A，C选项错误，D选项未提及。

2. D 本题的问题是：是什么吸引作者到那个商店？由第二段中间―there was an appealing glow inside.‖ 可以得出答案。A，C选项不切题。D选项未提及。

3. A 本题的问题是：作者发现在小店前面存放的物品是怎样的？从第三段对于物品的详细描述可以得出答案。― On one wall there hung three hand-stitched American quilts that were in such wonderful condition they might have been newly-made. I came across tin toys and antique furniture, and on the wall in front of me, a 1957 Stratocaster guitar , also in excellent condition.‖

4. C 本题的问题是：那个女人看他的方式有什么不同？由第四段最后一句―I was fascinated by the experience of her looking straight into me, and by the feeling that I was neither a stranger, nor strange, to her.‖有一种似曾相识的感觉。

5.C 本体的问题是：作者不喜欢后屋的原因？从文中的第六段和第七段可以得出结论，他认为没有什么他真正喜欢的东西。―It was also obvious that it must have taken years, decades, to collect so much rubbish, so many old documents arid papers.‖―I noticed some old books, whose gold lettering had faded,

making their titles impossible to read. 'They look interesting,' I said, with some hesitation.‖

+第三十五篇 Going Her Own Way

When she was twelve, Maria made her first important decision about the course of her life. She decided that she wanted to continue her education, Most girls from middle-class families chose to stay home after primary school，though some attended private Catholic \"finishing\" schools. There they learned a little about music，art，needlework，and how to make polite conversation. This was not the sort of education that interested Maria —or her mother. By this time，she had begun to take her studies more seriously. She read constantly and brought her books everywhere. One time she even brought her math book to the theater and tried to study in the dark.

Maria knew that she wanted to go on learning in a serious way. That meant attending the public high school，something that very few girls did. In Italy at the time，there were two types of high schools: the \"classical\" schools and the \"technical\" schools. In the classical schools，the students followed a very traditional program of studies，with courses in Latin and Greek language and literature，and Italian literature and history1. The few girls who continued studying after primary school usually chose these schools.

Maria，however，wanted to attend a technical school. The technical schools were more modem than the classical schools and they offered courses in modern languages，mathematics，science，and accounting2.Most people — including Maria's father — believed that girls would never be able to understand these subjects. Furthermore，they did not think it was proper for girls to study them.

Maria did not care if it was proper or not. Math and science were the subjects that interested her most. But before she could sign up for the technical school，she had to win her father' sapproval. She finally did，with her mother's help，though for many years after，there was tension in the family. Maria's father continued to oppose her plans，while her mother helped her. In 1883，at age thirteen，Maria entered the \"Regia Scuola Tecnica Michelangelo Buonarroti\" in Rome. Her experience at this school is difficult for us to imagine. Though the courses included modern subjects，the teaching methods were very traditional. Learning consisted of memorizing long lists of facts and repeating them back to the teacher. Students were not supposed to ask questions or think for themselves in any way. Teachers were very demanding，discipline in the classroom was strict，and punishment was severe for those who failed to achieve or were disobedient.

词汇:

discipline /'disiplin/ n. 纪律，学科，训练，惩罚 punishment / 'pʌniʃmənt/ n. 惩罚，严厉对待，虐待

注释:

1. In the classical schools，the students followed a very traditional program of studies，with courses in Latin and Greek language and literature，and Italian literature and history. 在传统学校中，学生们都依照一种非常传统的教学方式学习，包含拉丁语、希腊语与文学课，还有意大利文学与历史。

2. The technical schools were more modem than the classical schools and they offered courses in modern languages，mathematics，science，and accounting. 技术学校比传统学校要现代得多，他们提供的课程有现代语言、数学、自然科学，以及会计学。

练习:

1. Maria wanted to attend________. A） private ―finishing‖ school

B） school with Latin and Greek C） technical high school D） school for art and music

2. In those days, most Italian girls________. A) went to classical schools B) went to ―finishing‖ schools C) did not go to high school D) went to technical schools

3. You can infer from this passage that________. A) girls usually attended private primary schools B) only boys usually attended technical schools C) girls did not like going to school D) only girls attended classical schools 4. Maria‘s father probably________. A) had very modern views about women B) had very traditional views about women C) had no opinion about women

D) thought women could not learn Latin

5. High school teachers in Italy In those days were________. A) very modern B) very intelligent C) quite scientific D) quite strict

答案与题解：

1. C 本题的问题是：Maria想去个怎样的学校？由文中第三段可明确得出结论。―Maria, however, wanted to attend a technical school .‖ A, B, D项均有明显错误。

2. C 本题的问题是：在当时的意大利大多数女孩的选择是什么？由文中的第一段可知―Most girls from middle–class families chose to stay home after primary school ,‖所以本题的正确答案为C。

3. B 本题为推理题，问题是：从全文可以得出什么样的结论？A选项未提及。C选项错误，原文只说大多数女孩子都选择呆在家里，并未说她们都不喜欢读书。D选项错误，原文只说就算是上学的话大多数女孩子都选择传统学校，而并非只有女孩子可以去。所以正确答案为B。

4. B 本题问的是：Maria的父亲对女性的态度是什么？由文中第三段倒数第二句―Most people—including Maria‘s father —believed in the girls would never be able to understand these subjects.‖可以得出答案，父亲和大多数人一样都持传统观念。

5. D 本题的问题是：当时的意大利高中教师是怎样的？从文中最后一段可以得出结论―Teachers were very demanding, discipline in the classroom was strict, and punishment was severe for those who failed to achieve or were disobedient,‖故正确答案为D。

+第三十七篇 Pop Music in Africa

Young musicians in African countries are creating a new kind of pop music. The tunes and the rhythms of their music combine African traditions with various forms of music popular today, such as hip-hop, rap, rock, jazz, or reggae. The result is music that may sound familiar to listeners anywhere in the world, but at the same time is distinctly African. It is different also in another way: Many of the songs are very serious and they deal

with important social or political issues in Africa today.

Eric Wainaina is one of these African musicians. He grew up in Nairobi, Kenya, in a family of musicians. As a teenager, he listened to pop music from the United States, and later he moved to Boston to study at the Berklee College of Music. Now he has produced a CD in Kenya. Eric's most popular song, \"Land of ‗A Little Something‘‖ is about Kenya's problem of bribery, or paying others for illegal favors. He wants people to listen to his songs and think about how to make Kenya a better place to live.

Another musician who writes serious songs is Witness Mwaijaga from Tanzania. Her own experiences have helped her understand the suffering of many African women. At the age of fifteen she lost her home, but she was luckier than other homeless young people. She could make a living by writing songs and singing on the street. By the time she was eighteen years old, she had become a star. Her songs are written in rap or hip-hop style about the problems that she sees in Tanzania, especially AIDS and the lack of rights for women1.

Baaba Maal, from Senegal, also feels that pop music must go beyond entertainment. He says that in Senegal, storytellers have always been important people. In the past, they were the ones who kept the history of their people alive. Baaba believes that songwriters now have a similar responsibility. They must write about the world around them and help people understand how it could be better. The words of his songs are important, in fact. They speak of peace and cooperation among Africans, as well as the rights of women, love for one' s family, and saving the environment2.

One of South Africa's most popular musicians is Brenda Fassie. She is sometimes compared to Madonna, the American pop star, because she likes to shock people in her shows. But she also likes to make people think. She became famous in the 1980s for her simple pop songs against apartheid. Now that apartheid has ended, her songs are about other issues in South African culture and life. To sing about these, she uses local African languages and a new pop style called kwaito.

In recent years, people outside of Africa have also begun to listen to these young musicians. Through music, the younger generation of Africans are connecting with the rest of the world and, at the same time, influencing the rest of the world.

词汇：

reggae /'regei/ n. 瑞格舞（西印度群岛的舞曲） bribery /'braibəri/ n. 行贿，贿赂

apartheid / ə 'P a:theit / n. 种族隔离

注释：

1. Her songs are written in rap or hip-hop style about the problems that she sees in Tanzania, especially AIDS and the lack of rights for women. 她用嘻哈和说唱的风格写歌，歌曲的内容是坦桑尼亚的各种问题，特别是艾滋和女性权利的缺失。

2. They speak of peace and cooperation among Africans, as well as the rights of women, love for one's family, and saving the environment. 他倡导在非洲要和平与协作，同时也包括妇女权利、热爱家庭和保护环境。

练习：

1. This passage is about how African pop music is_______. A) usually about love and romance B) more serious than most pop music C) popular with young people in Africa D) mostly written just for entertainment

2. For people outside of Africa, African pop music is _______. A) the same as other pop music B) not usually very interesting C) entirely strange to them D) both familiar and different

3. The musicians mentioned in this passage all_______. A) write about serious problems B) studied in the United States C) lost their homes at a young age D) write songs in a new pop style 4. Eric Wainaina_______. A) prefers to sing in English B) listened to traditional music C) studied music in Boston

D) performs only in the United States

5. Witness Mwaijaga writes about the problem of women partly because_______. A) she was had a difficult life herself B) there are many problems in Tanzania C) she has had an easy life herself D) there are no other women singers

答案与题解：

1. B 本题的问题是：非洲流行音乐的不同之处是什么？由第一段倒数第一句可以得出答案。―It is different also in another way : Many of the songs are very serious and they deal with important social or political issues in Africa today.‖ A,D项错误，C项未提及。

2.D 本题的问题是：对于非洲以外的人来说，非洲流行音乐给他们的感觉是什么？从第一段可以得出答案。―The result is music that may sound familiar to listeners anywhere in the world , but at the same time is distinctly Afican.‖故正确选项为D。

3. A 本题的问题是：全文所提到的音乐家的共同的特点是什么？总览全文可以得出结论。全文通篇在讲有关社会和政治等严肃主题的音乐，故正确答案为A。B,C,D都有明显的错误。 4. C 本题的问题是：Eric Wainaina的成长细节。由第二段可以得出答案。―…and later he moved to Boston to study at the Berklee College of Music.‖ 其余选项均有错误。

5. A 本题的问题是：Witness Mwaijaga 写有关女人的问题的原因是什么？答案在第三段第二句―Her own experiences have helped her understand the suffering of many African women.‖明显可见是她有切身经历。所以正确答案为A。

+第三十八篇 Why So Many Children?

In many of the developing countries in Africa and Asia , the population is growing fast . The reason for this is simple : Women in these countries have a high birth rate — from 3.0 to 7.0 children per woman . The majority of these women are poor , without the food or resources to care for their families ? The answer may be that they often have no choice . There are several reasons for this .

One reason is economic . In a traditional agricultural economy , large families are helpful .

Having more children means having more workers in the fields and someone to take care of the parents in old age1. In an industrial economy, the situation is different. Many children , do not help a family; instead, they are an expense. Thus, industrialization has generally brought down the birth rate. This was the case in Italy, which

was industrialized quite recently and rapidly. In the early part of the twentieth century, Italy was a poor, largely agricultural country with a high birth rate. After World WarⅡ, Italy's economy was rapidly modernized and industrialized. By the end of the century, the birth rate had dropped to 1. 3 children per woman, the world's lowest.

However, the economy is not the only important factor that influences birth rate. Saudi Arabia, for example, does not have an agriculture-based economy, and it has one of the highest per capita incomes in the world. Nevertheless, it also has a very high birth rate(7.0). Mexico and Indonesia, on the other hand, are poor countries, with largely agricultural economies, but they have recently reduced their population growth.

Clearly, other factors are involved. The most important of these is the condition of women. A high birth rate almost always goes together with lack of education and low status for women.2 This would explain the high birth rate of Saudi Arabia. There, the traditional culture gives women little education or independence and few possibilities outside the home. On the other hand, the improved condition of women in Mexico, Thailand, and Indonesia explains the decline in birth rates in these countries. Their governments have taken measures to provide more education and opportunities for women.

Another key factor in the birth rate is birth control. Women may want to limit their families but have no way to do so. In countries where governments have made birth control easily available and inexpensive, birth rates have gone down. This is the case in Singapore, Sri Lanka, and India, as well as in Indonesia, Thailand, Mexico, and Brazil. In these countries, women have also been provided with health care and help in planning their families.

These trends show that an effective program to reduce population growth does not have to depend on better economic conditions.3 It can be effective if it aims to help women and meet their needs. Only then, in fact, does it have any real chance of success.

词汇：

industrialization / in‘dʌstriəlai‘zeiʃən/ n. 工业

possibility /pɔsə'biləti/ n. 可能性，可能发生的事物 effective /i'fektiv/ adj. 有效的，起作用的，实际的

注释：

1. In a traditional agricultural economy, large families are helpful. Having more children means having more workers in the fields and someone to take care of the parents in old age. 传统的农业经济中，家庭成员数目多是十分有利的。孩子多意味着田里的劳动力多且有人给父母养老。

2. A high birth rate almost always goes together with lack of education and low status for women. 高的生育率往往与妇女缺乏教育与社会地位低下相关。

3. These trends show that an effective program to reduce population growth does not have to depend on better economic conditions. 这些趋势表明有效的控制人口的方案并不依赖于良好的经济状况。

练习：

1. In a traditional agricultural economy, a large family_______. A. can be an advantage B. may limit income C. isn‘t necessary D. is expensive

2. When countries become industrialized, _______. A. families often become larger

B. the birth rate generally goes down

C. women usually decide not have a family D. the population generally grows rapidly

3. According to this passage, Italy today is an example of an _______. A. agricultural country with a high birth rate B. agricultural country with a low birth rate C. industrialized country with a low birth rate D. industrialized country with a high birth rate

4. Saudi Arabia is mentioned in the passage because it shows that _______. A. the most important factor influencing birth rate is the economy B. factors other than the economy influence birth rate

C. women who have a high income usually have few children D. the birth rate depends on per capita income

5. In Mexico, Thailand, and Indonesia, the government _______. A. is not concerned about the status of women B. has tried to industrialize the country rapidly C. does not allow women to work outside the home D. has tried to improve the condition of women 答案与题解：

1. A 本题的问题是：在传统的农业经济中，大的家庭的影响是什么？从文中第二段第二句和第三句话可以得出明确的答案。―In a traditional agricultural economy, large families are helpful. Having more children means having more workers in the fields and someone to take care of the parents in old age.‖所以答案为A，是优势。

2. B 本题的问题是：当国家工业化后，人口和出生率的状况是什么？从第二段意大利的例子可以明确得出答案。―In the early part of the twentieth century, Italy was a poor, largely agricultural country with a high birth rate. After World War Ⅱ, Italy's economy was rapidly modernized and industrialized.‖由此可见出生率降低。

3. C 本题的问题是：本文举出意大利的例子要说明什么？从第二段意大利的前后对比的情况可以看出正确答案为C。

4. B 本题的问题是：文中提到沙特阿拉伯的例子说明了什么？由第三段开头可知―However, the economy is not the only important factor that influences birth rate.‖下面将要介绍其他的因素，之后以沙特阿拉伯为例。故正确答案为B。经济以外影响出生率的因素。

5. D本题的问题是：墨西哥、泰国、印度尼西亚的政府采取了怎样的措施？从文中第四段后半部分―On the other hand, the improved condition of women in Mexico, Thailand, and Indonesia explains the decline in birth rates in these countries. Their governments have taken measures to provide more education and opportunities for women.‖可以得出结论。另一方面从第四段开头也可以得出结论。―The most important of these is the condition of women.‖之后举出这几个国家的例子，从而也可以得出结论。

+第四十七篇 Narrow Escape

We had left the hut too late that morning. When we stepped outside, the sky beyond the mountains to our east was already livid with colour.1 It meant the day would be a hot one, and the warmth would loosen rocks that were gripped by ice.

As soon as we stepped out on to the face, it became obvious this was going to be an awkward route. The main problem was talus, the debris that collects on mountainsides. Talus is despised by mountaineers for two

reasons. First, because it can easily be pushed off on to you by people climbing above. And second, because it makes every step you take insecure.

For about 30 minutes we moved steadily up the face. The rock was in poor condition, shattered horizontally and mazed with cracks. When I tried to haul myself up on a block of it, it would pull out towards me, like a drawer opening. My hands became progressively wetter and colder2. Then came a shout. \"Cailloux! Cailloux!\" I heard yelled from above, in a female voice. The words echoed down towards us. I looked up to see where they had come from.

There were just two rocks at first, leaping and bounding down the face towards us, once cannoning off each other in mid-air. And then the air above suddenly seemed alive with falling rocks, humming through the air and filling it with noise. Crack, went each one as it leapt off the rock face, then hum-hum-hum as it moved through the air, then crack again. The pause between the cracks lengthened each time, as the rocks gained momentum and jumped further and further. I continued to gaze up at the rocks as they fell and skipped towards me. A boy who had been a few years above me at school had taught me never to look up during a rock fall. \"Why? Because a rock in your face is far less pleasant than a rock on your helmet,\" he told us. \"Face in, always face in.\"

I heard Toby, my partner on the mountain that day, shouting at me. I looked across. He was safe beneath an overhanging canopy of rock. I could not understand him. Then I felt a thump, and was tugged backwards and round, as though somebody had clamped a heavy hand on my shoulder and turned me to face them. A rock had hit the lid of my rucksack.

I looked up again. A rock was heading down straight towards me. Instinctively, I leant backwards and arched my back out from the rock to try to protect my chest. What about my fingers, though, I thought: they'll be crushed flat if it hits them, and I'll never get down. Then I heard a crack directly in front of me, and a tug at my trousers, and a yell from Toby.\"Are you all right? That went straight through you.\"The rock had pitched in front of me, and passed through the hoop of my body, between my legs, missing me but snatching at my clothing as it went.

Toby and I had spent the evening talking through the events of the morning: what if the big final stone hadn't leapt sideways, what if I'd been knocked off, would you have held me, would I have pulled you off? A more experienced mountaineer would probably have thought nothing of it. I knew I would not forget it. 词汇：

livid ['livid] adj. 铅色的；青灰色的；非常生气的 awkward ['ɔ:kwəd] adj. 笨拙的；尴尬的；棘手的； grip/ɡrip / n. 紧握；支配 vt. 紧握；夹紧注释：

1. When we stepped outside, the sky beyond the mountains to our east was already livid with colour. 我们走到外面，东面笼罩在山上的天空是青灰色的。

2. For about 30 minutes we moved steadily up the face. The rock was in poor condition, shattered horizontally and mazed with cracks. When I tried to haul myself up on a block of it, it would pull out towards me, like a drawer opening. My hands became progressively wetter and colder. 我们平稳前进了30分钟。岩石的状况很不好。当我们试图把自己拉上去，它就会滑向我们，像一个打开的抽屉。我的手巨剑出汗变得冰冷。 3. Then I felt a thump, and was tugged backwards and round, as though somebody had clamped a heavy hand on my shoulder and turned me to face them. A rock had hit the lid of my rucksack 然后我感到了一阵重击，紧紧向后拉扯，像是有人使劲儿地用手夹住我的肩膀然后把我转向面对他的方向。一块石头砸在了我背包的盖子上。练习：

1. Why was it ―too late‖ by the time they left the hut in the morning?

A) It would be uncomfortable climbing in hot weather. B) The livid colour of the sky would hurt their eyes. C) Rocks loosened by melting ice could be dangerous. D) They wouldn't be able to walk on the melting ice.

2. The first reason given to explain why mountaineers hate talus is_______. A) that climbers above you might cause it to fall on you B) that it allows people climbing above you to push off C) that it makes people climbing above you feel insecure D) that it can cause other people to push you off the mountain 3. What is likely to be the meaning of \"Cailloux\"? A) Rocks are flying through the air. B) Rocks are falling.

C) There are loose rocks on the ground ahead. D) There are rocks everywhere.

4. What is sarcastic in the words of the boy in paragraph four? A) He didn't keep his ''face in\".

B) Not every climber wears a helmet.

C) It is very difficult not to look up during a rockfall. D) Being hit by a rock isn't \"pleasant\" at all. 5. In what sense was Toby \"safe\"?

A) The overhanging rock would protect him from falling rocks. B) He felt a hand on his shoulder. C) His rucksack was protected. D) He had hidden under a canopy.

答案与题解：

1. C 本题的问题是：为什么说他们离开小屋的时间晚了？由第一段可以知道答案―It meant the day would be a hot one, and the warmth would loosen rocks that were gripped by ice. ‖可知岩石的状况已经不是很好了，故此题的正确答案为 C。

2. A 本题的问题是：登山者讨厌斜坡的第一个原因是什么？由原文第二段可以直接得出答案。―First, because it can easily be pushed off on to you by people climbing above. ‖ 3. B 本题的问题是：―Cailloux‖这个词的意思是什么？由第三段后半部分与第四段开头可知这个单词是石头滑落的意思。―it would pull towards me, like a drawer opening‖―There were just two rocks at first, leaping and bounding down the face towards us, once cannoning off each other in mid-air.‖

4. D 本题的问题是：在第四段男孩话语中讽刺的是什么？由第四段―‗Why? Because a rock in your face is far less pleasant than a rock on your helmet，‘he told us. ‗Face in, always face in.‘‖可知正确答案为 D。 5. A 本题的问题是：Toby安全的标志是什么？由文中第五段―I looked across, he was safe beneath an overhanging canopy of rock. \"可以得出答案。

补全短文

第九篇 Heat Is Killer

Extremely hot weather is common in many parts of the world. Although hot weather just makes most people feel hot, it can cause serious medical problems -- even death. Floods, storms, volcano eruptions and other natural disasters kill thousands of people every year. 1 Experts say heat may be nature's deadliest killer. Recently, extreme heat was blamed for killing more than one hundred people in India. It is reported that the total heat of a hot day or several days can affect health. (2) . Experts say heat waves often become dangerous when the nighttime temperature does not drop much from the highest daytime temperature. This causes great stress on the human body.

(3) . Stay out of the sun, if possible. Drink lots of cool water. Wear light colored clothing made of natural materials; avoid wearing synthetic clothing. Make sure the clothing is loose，permitting freedom of movement1. And learn the danger signs of the medical problems, such as headache and vomiting，that are linked to heat. (4) . The pain is a warning that the body is becoming too hot2. Doctors say those suffering headache or muscle pain should stop all activity and rest in a cool place and drink cool liquids. Do not return to physical activity3 for a few hours because more serious conditions could develop.

Doctors say some people face an increased danger from heat stress. (5) . Hot weather also increases dangers for people who must take medicine for high blood pressure4，poor blood flow，nervousness or depression.

词汇:

eruption /i'rʌpʃəm/ n. 爆发，喷发 vomit / 'vɔmit/ v. 呕吐 deadly /'dedli/ adj. 致命的 muscle /'mʌsl/ n. 肌肉 synthetic /sin'θetik/ adj. 合成的

注释:

1. Make sure the clothing is loose，permitting freedom of movement. 衣服一定要宽松，以便活动自如。make sure 意为―确信，保证‖，其后面从句的谓语要用一般现在时。如：Make sure the door is locked before you leave. permitting freedom of movement是分词短语，用做目的状语。

2. The pain is a warning that the body is becoming too hot. 疼痛是一个警告，说明你的身体过热。that the body is becoming too hot是同位语从句，与warning同位，说明warning的内容。 3. physical activity：体力活动

4. Hot weather also increases dangers for people who must take medicine for high blood pressure ... ：炎热天气对于那些必须服药以控制血压的人……也增加了危险性。

练习:

A Such persons have a weak or damaged heart，high blood pressure，or other problems of the blood system. B Several of these conditions are present at the same time.

C Most people suffer only muscle pain as a result of heat stress. D Several hot days are considered a heat wave. E So does extreme heat.

F Doctors say people can do many things to protect themselves from the dangers of extreme heat.

答案与题解：

1. E 本文的标题是 Heat Is Killer，通篇文章说的是heat的危害性及预防方法。―空1‖前面的句子是，

\"Floods，storms，volcano eruptions and other natural events kill thousands of people every year，―空1‖后面的句子是，\"…heat may be nature's deadliest killer\"。所以这里应将最致命的杀手E提出。

2. D ―空2‖后面的句子说到heat waves，而选项D的句子中也出现heat wave，说明这两个句子意思上有联系。―空2‖的句子是对\"heat wave‖下定义，为下一句的展开作了铺垫。D 是答案。

3. F 第一段末尾说，白天的热浪，如果到夜晚没有降温，会给身体带来巨大的压力，这是很危险的。第二段就列举了许多保护自己免受高温伤害的方法。―空3‖的句子应该是位于段首的概括句。选项F说人们有多种办法保护自己，完全符合要求，因此是答案。

4. C 紧跟―空4‖后面句子中有特指的the pain，说明前文一定出现过pain这个词。选项C的句子中有pain，且C的句子填入后，上下文意思连贯，所以是答案。

5. A ―空5‖前面的句子意思为：某些人在热浪期间特别危险。读者或许会问，是哪些人呢？选项A回答了这个问题，所以是答案。

*第十一篇 Virtual Driver

Driving involves sharp eyes and keen ears，analyzing with a brain，and coordination between hands，feet and brain. A man has sharp eyes and keen ears，analyzes through his brain，and maintains coordination between his hands and brains. He can control a fast-moving car with different parts of his body. (1)_ _ Apparently there isn't anyone in the driver's cab，but there is in fact a virtual driver1. This virtual driver has eyes，brains，hands and feet too. The minicameras on each side of the car are its eyes and are responsible for observing the road conditions ahead of it as well as the traffic to its left and right. If you open the boot，you can see the most important part of the automatic driving system: a built-in computer. (2)_ _ _ The brain of the car is responsible for calculating the speeds objects surrounding the car are moving at2, analyzing their position on the road, choosing the right path, and giving orders to the wheel and the control system.

In comparison with the human brain, the virtual driver's best advantage is that it reacts quickly. (3)_ _ However, it takes the world's best racecar driver at least one second to react, and this doesn't include the time he needs to take action.

With its rapid reaction and accurate control，the virtual driver can reduce the accident rate on expressways considerably. In this case, is it possible for us to let it have the wheel3 at any time and in any place? ___4___. With its limited ability to recognize things, the car can now only travel on expressways.

The intelligent car determines its direction by the clear lines that mark the lanes clearly and recognizes vehicles according to their regular shapes. ___5___. This being the case4, people still have high hopes about driverless cars， and think highly intelligent cars are what the cars of the future should be like5.

词汇：

virtual / 'və:tʃuəl / adj. 虚拟的 Built-in / 'bilt'in / adj. 嵌入的

coordination / kəu,ɔ:di'neiʃən / n. 协调，配合 racecar /'reis,kɑ:/ n. 赛车 cab / kæb / n. 驾驶室

expressway / ik'spreswei / n. 高速公路 minicamera / 'minikæmərə /n. 小型照相机 driverless / draivəles/adj. 无驾驶员的 boot / boot /n. (车身后部的)行李箱注释：

1. virtual driver：虚拟驾驶员

2.The brain is responsible for calculating the speeds objects surrounding the car are moving at：大脑负责

计算汽车周围物体移动的速度。 The brain is responsible for calculating the speeds objects surrounding the car are moving at ＝ The brain is responsible for calculating the speeds at which objects surrounding the car are moving

3.have the wheel：驾驶汽车

4.This being the case：虽然情况是这样。 This being the case 是独立分词短语。

5.highly intelligent cars are what the cars of the future should be like：未来的汽车就应该是高度智能化的汽车。

练习：

A．Experts say that we cannot do that just yet.

B．In the near future， intelligent cars will be put into commercial operation. C．This is the brain of the car.

D．But how does an intelligent car control itself?

E. It completes the processing of the images sent by the cameras within 100 milliseconds.

F．However, it cannot recognize moving people and bicycles on ordinary roads that have no clear markings on them. 答案与解析：

1. D ―空1‖ 前面三个句子讲的是真人驾驶员驾驶汽车时脑、眼、耳、手、脚并用，而且要协调配合。―空1‖之后话题转入虚拟驾驶员。―空1‖之后的第一句 ―Apparently there isn‘t anyone in the driver‘s cab……‖似来得有些突然。与前面句子接得很生硬。中间应该有个过渡句。选项 C 就是连接上下文的过渡句。

2. C ―空2‖前面一句说，如果你打开车身后部的行李箱，你就能看到自动驾驶系统的最重要的部件，嵌入式电脑。―空2‖后的句子中的 the brain of the car 自然是指前句的 built-in computer, 但接得太突然。选项 C 的 ―This is the brain of the car ‖就把前后句子联系起来了。this 指代上一句的 built-in comupter。后面句子的 The brain of the car 是重复选项 C中的 The brain of the car，显得很自然。所以，C是答案。

3. E ―空3‖前面一句说，虚拟驾驶员最大的优点是反应快。 ―空3‖后面一句说，最好的赛车手至少要1秒钟才能作出反应。―至少要1秒钟‖已经暗示，虚拟驾驶员反应速度要比真人驾驶员快。一找，选项 E 果然说，虚拟驾驶员只需100毫秒就能作出反应。选项 E 使上下文的意思完整，因此是答案。 4. A ―空4‖前面是一个问句，即―在这种情况下，是不是可以不分时间、不分地点都让虚拟驾驶员驾驶汽车?‖―空4‖的句子应该回答这个问题：―让还是不让?‖选项A回答了这个问题，因此是答案。 5. F ―空5‖前面一句的意思是，\"The intelligent car determines its direction by the clear lines that mark the lanes clearly and recognizes vehicles according to their regular shapes. \"（智能汽车按清晰标出的车道线决定自己的行车方向，靠车辆的常规形状识别其他车辆。）选项F的内容正好相反。上一句说\"recognizes\"，还有\"mark the lanes clearly\"，而F说\"cannot recognize\"，又说\"no clear markings\"。从意思表达和词汇重复上，都能判断出，F的句子应该出现在―空5‖的位置上。

完形填空

第一篇 A Life with Birds

For nearly 17 years David Cope has worked as one of the Tower of London's yeoman warders, __1__ known to tourists as beefeaters. David, 64, lives in a three-bedroomed flat right at the __2__ of the Byward Tower, one of the gatehouses. \"__3__ our bedroom we have a marvellous view of Tower Bridge and the Thames, \" says David.

The Tower of London is famous __4__ its ravens, the large black birds which have lived there for over three centuries. David was immediately fascinated by the birds and when he was __5__ the post of Raven Master eight years ago he had no __6__ in accepting it. \"The birds have now become my life and I'm always __7__ of the fact that I am __8__ a tradition. The legend says that if the ravens leave the Tower, England will fall to enemies, and it's my job to __9__ sure this doesn't happen!\"

David_10_about four hours a day to the care of the ravens. He has grown to love them and the _11__ that he lives right next to them is ideal. \"I can _12__ a close eye on them all the time, and not just when I'm working.\" __13__, David's wife Mo was not __14__ on the idea of life in the Tower, but she too will be sad to leave when he retires next year. \"When we look out of our windows, we see history __15__ around us, and we are taking it in and storing it up for our future memories.\"

词汇：

marvellous /'mɑ:viləs/a.奇妙的，不可思议的 fascinate / 'fæsmeIt / v. 着迷，吸引 raven /'reivən/ n. 乌鸦，黑色的鸟 legend / 'led3;lnd / n. 传奇，传说注释：

1. ...from our bedroom we have a marvellous view of ... :从我们的卧室看去，有一个奇妙的角度。。。 2. ... keen on the idea of life in the Tower..: 热衷于塔里的生活练习：

1. A. more B. better C. sooner D. very 2. A. height B. summit C. peak D. top

3. A. Since B. Out C. From D. Through 4. A. for B. because C. of D. by 5. A. award B. applied C. presented D. offered 6. A. regret B. delay C. hesitation D. choice 7. A. aware B. knowing C. pleased D. delighted 8. A. holding B. maintaining C. surviving D. lasting 9. A. take B. make C. have D. keep 10. A. devotes B. spends C. passes D. provides 11. A. reason B. chance C. opportunity D. fact 12. A. hold B. have C. keep D. put 13. A. Firstly B. First of all C. At first D. First 14. A. interested B. keen C. fond D. happy 15. A. every B. all C. much D. so

答案与题解：

1. B 根据上下文，这里应选择比较级，所以排除D，再根据句意，为―更为人所熟知‖，因而better是正确答案。

2. D 根据句意，词组搭配 at the top of ，表示在……顶部最为合适。Height 意为―高度―，summit 意为―最高点‖，peak 意为―顶峰―，所以选 D。

3. C 根据句意，从卧室的角度看去，from 最为恰当。 4. A 固定搭配 be famous for 意为―以……而著名‖，文中要表达的是伦敦塔以乌鸦而著名，因而 for 为正确答案。

5. D 根据句意，David 是被提供了这样一个职位，所以 offered 最为恰当award 表示―授予‖，applied 表示―应用‖ ，presented 表示―给予，呈现―，均不符合句意。

6. C 根据上下文，很容易理解 David 是这么迷恋这种黑鸟，因而毫不犹豫地接受了这个职位，所以 hesitation 为正确答案。

7. A be aware of 表示―意识到‖，有这样一命警觉。其他三项均不符合句意。

8. B 固定搭配 maintain a tradition ，保持一个传统，maintain 最为恰当。hold 表示―抓住‖，survive 表示―存活，幸存‖，last 表示―维持‖。

9. B 固定搭配 make sure，意为―确保‖，在文中表达的是―确保这种状况不会发生―，因而选 B。 10. A 根据句意，David 每天大约用四个小时来护理乌鸦，表达出对乌鸦的爱护之情，devote ―献身于……，专用于……‖最为恰当。spend 后需加动词 ing 形式。pass 表示―经过‖， provide 表示―提供‖，均不符合句意。

11. D 这是一个定语从句，根据句意，David 已经爱上了它们，而他正居住在它们旁边(这样一个事实)是理想的，所以 fact 是正确答案。

12. C keep an eye on 为固定搭配，意为―注意，关注‖，所以选 C。 13. C 根据句意，作者要表达的意思是起初，David 的妻子 Mo 并不感兴趣，因为只有词组 at first 表示―起初，开始时‖符合句意。

14. B be keen on 为固定搭配，表示―对……感兴趣，对……热衷‖，interest 后面配介词 in ，fond后应配介词 of ，因此正确答案是 B。

15. B 根据句意，作者表达的感情非常强烈，过去的那些都环绕在身边，所以 all 为最佳答案。

第二篇 A Lucky Break

Actor Antonio Banderas is used to breaking bones, and it always seems to happen when he's 1 sport. In the film Play It to the Bone he 2 the part of a middleweight boxer alongside Woody Harrelson. 3 the making of the film Harrelson 4 complaining that the fight 5 weren't very convincing, so one day he suggested that he and Banderas should have a fight for real. The Spanish actor wasn't 6 on the idea at first, but he was 7 persuaded by his co-star to put on his gloves and climb into the boxing ring. However, when he realized how seriously his 8 was taking it all, he began to regret his decision to fight. And then in the third round, Harrelson hit Banderas 9 hard in the face that he actually broke his nose. His wife, actress Melanie Griffith, was furious that he had been playing \"silly macho games\". \"She was right,\" confesses Banderas, \"and I was a fool to 10 a risk like that in the middle of a movie.\"

He was 11 of the time he broke his leg during a football match in his native Malaga. He had always 12 of becoming a soccer star, of performing in front of a big crowd, but doctors told him his playing days were probably over. \"That's when I decided to take 13 acting; I saw it as 14 way of performing, and achieving recognition. What happened to me on that football 15 was, you

might say, my first lucky break.\"

词汇:

middleweight / 'midlweit/ n. 中量级拳击手

convincing /kən'vinsiŋ/ a.有说服力的，令人信服的 furious /'fju:riəs/ a. 暴怒的，强烈的

macho / 'mɑ:tʃəu/ a. 雄壮的，男子气概的 confess / kən'fes/ v. 承认，坦白注释:

1. ... plays the part of a middleweight boxer alongside ... :……与……并肩，扮演一个中量级拳击手…… 2. ... was reminded of the time ... :......想起……的时候……

练习:

1. A) practising B) making C) doing D) losing 2. A) plays B) does C) gives D) fights 3. A) When B) As C) While D) During 4. A) kept B) continued C) carried D) insisted 5. A) actions B) matches C) scenes D) stages 6. A) interested B) keen C) enthusiastic D) happy 7. A) lastly B) eventually C) at the end D) after

8. A) competitor B) contender C) opponent D) participant 9. A) very B) more C) such D) so 10. A) take B) make C) have D) get 11. A) remembered B) reminded C) recorded D) replayed 12. A) hoped B) pretended C) dreamed D) looked forward 13. A) up B) on C) to D) over 14. A) further B) additional C) different D) another 15. A) match B) pitch C) court D) course

答案与题解:

1. C 根据句意，每次骨折似乎总是发生在做运动时，应当选用动词 do 0 practise 表示―练习‖，后面应跟某一项具体的训练，而不是 sport，所以正确答案为 C。

2. A play the part of ...为固定搭配，意为―扮演一个......的角色‖，其他三项均不合适。 3. D 联系上下文，根据句意，在影片制作过程中，所以应当用 during。

4. A 根据句意，Harrelson 在影片制作过程中不断地抱怨，而且后面的动词complain 用的是ing 形式，因此动词 keep―连续，不断‖最为恰当。continue 后加动词 ing 形式一般表示在停顿后重新开始、继续，carry 一般后面跟介词on ，表示―进行某项事务‖，insist 表示―坚决主张‖，不合句意，所以选 A。 5. C 联系上下文，因为是影片中的打斗场景，所以这里 scene 是正确答案。 6. B be keen on 为固定搭配，表示―对……感兴趣，对......热衷‖，interest 后面配介词 in ，enthusiastic 后面配介词 of。 7. B 联系上下文，作者要表达的是最终他还是被他的搭档说服了，副词eventually 放在动词 persuade 之前，lastly 表示―最后一点，最后‖，―at the end‖一般放在段落的最后，表示最后怎么样。

8. C 根据句意，\"当他意识到……是全心全意投人进来时，他开始后悔自己要打斗的决定\"，显然是对手非常认真的对待这场打斗，所以 opponent 是正确答案。

9. D so... that ...固定搭配，太……以至于，根据句意，―Harrelson 如此狠地打在 Banderas 的脸上，以至于居然打破了 Banderas 的鼻子‖，其他选项都不适合。 10. A 固定搭配 take a risk ，表示―冒险‖。

11. B 联系上下文，根据句意，\"他记起在他的故乡马拉加进行的一场足球比赛\"，是因为鼻子骨折这件事促使他想起了故乡的那次比赛，remind 表示―提醒‖，符合句意。remember 表示―自然想起，记起‖不合句意。

12. C 根据句意和后面的介词of ，显然，―他一直梦想成为一个足球明星‖，dream 是正确答案。 pretend 表示―假装‖，后面眼介词 to，不合句意;look forward 表示叫―向往‖，后面跟介词1 0 ，不合句意。 13. A 固定搭配 take up sth. ，表示―开始从事某事‖，根据句意，作者要表达的是―我决定开始演戏‖，因此 up 是正确答案。

14. D 联系上下文，作者显然把它看成是另外一种比赛，所以只有 another 符合句意。

15. B 词组 football pitch，表示\"足球场\"。前面由介词 on 引导，后面一定是场地，也就是足球场，而不是 match―比赛‖。court 表示―网球场‖，course 表示―跑道‖，均不符合句意。

第三篇 Global Warming

Few people now question the reality of global warming and its effects on the world's climate. Many scientists (1) the blame for recent natural disasters on the increase (2) the world's temperatures and are convinced that, more than (3) before, the Earth is at (4) from the forces of the wind, rain and sun. (5) to them, global warming is making extreme weather events, (6) as hurricanes and droughts, even more (7) and causing sea levels all around the world to (8) .

Environmental groups are putting (9) on governments to take action to reduce the (10) of carbon dioxide which is given (11) by factories and power plants, thus attacking the problem at its source. They are in (12) of more money being spent on research into solar, wind and wave energy devices, which could then replace existing power (13) .

Some scientists, (14) believe that even if we stopped releasing carbon dioxide and other gases into the atmosphere tomorrow, we would have to wait (15) hundred years to notice the results. Global warming, it seems, is here to stay. 词汇:

climate /'klaimit/ n. 气候,风气 hurricane n. 飓风,暴风-

drought n. 干旱,旱灾

carbon dioxide n. 二氧化碳 solar 太阳的 n. atmosphere 大气注释:

1. put the blame for ... :把……归咎于……

2. ... in favour of more money being spent on ... :……赞成把钱花在……

练习:

l. A) give B) put C) take D) have 2. A) in B) at C) by D) to

3. A) yet B) never C) once D) ever 4. A) threat B) danger C) risk D) harm

5. A) Concerning B) Regarding C) Depending D) According 6. A) such B) just C) even D) well 7. A) strict B) severe C) strong D) heavy 8. A) raise B) arise C) rise D) lift

9. A) force B) pressure C) persuasion D) encouragement 10.A) amount B) deal C) number D) count 11.A) off B) away C) up D) over 12.A) belief B) request C) favour D) suggestion Í3.A) factories B) generations C) houses D) stations 14.A) but B) although C) despite D) however 15.A) several B) over C) numerous D) various

答案与题解:

1. B 固定搭配 put the blame for ... ，表示―把……归咎于……‖，所以 put 为正确答案。

2. A 介词搭配，文中―the world's temperatures‖前需要补充一个介词，表达在全球范围内气温的上升，因此应该在 A 和 B 之间选择。而 at 后面只可以眼某个小地点，根据文意，只有 in 才是正确答案。 3. D 联系上下文，根据句意，显然作者要表达的是―以往任何时候‖，因此选用 ever。其他三项均不符合句意。 4. C 固定搭配 at risk ，表达―濒临危险，处境危险‖。 5. D 习惯用法 according to sb. 表示―据某某所说‖，显然选择 D。 6. A 根据句意，作者要举例子，习惯用法即为 such as ... ，因此选 A。 7. B 根据句意，作者举例子是按照递进的顺序，从飓风、干早到排在后面的是更加严重的问题。strict 表示―严格的‖，strong 表示―强烈的‖，heavy 表示―沉重的，巨大的‖，只有 severe 表示―严峻的，严重的‖，因此 B 是正确答案。

8. C 根据句意，导致世界各地的海平面上升，所以在 A 和 C 之间选择。raise 表示\"举起，抬起，唤起\"，有主动意味，rise 表示客观的上升，因此是正确答案。

9. B 联系上下文，根据句意，根据选项，很容易理解是给政府施加压力，显然 pressure 最为恰当。 10. A 根据句意，减少二氧化碳的排放量，二氧化碳是不可数名词，因此 amount 是正确答案。 ll. A 固定搭配，give off 表示\"排放(气体、液体、光)等\"，文中表达的是排放二氧化碳气体，显然选 A。而 give away 表示―泄露，分发‖ ，give up 表示\"放弃\" ，give over 表示―停止，交出‖。 12. C 固定搭配 in favour of ... ，表示―支持……，赞成……‖，所以选 C。 13. D 根据句意，作者表达的是\"发电站\"，为固定词组 power station。

14. D 联系上下文，上文说的是很多科学家的想法，下文转而言另外还有一些科学家的想法，有转折之意，且空格在两句未完的话之间，因此惯用法选择 however。

15. A 根据句意，还需要等几百年，several 表示\"几个\"，符合句意。其他三个选项均不合适。

第四篇 A Success Story

At 19, Ben Way is already a millionaire, and one of a growing number of teenagers who have

(1) Their fortune through the Internet. (2) makes Ben's story all the more remarkable is that he is dyslexic, and was (3) by teachers at his junior school that he would never be able to read or write (4) . \"I wanted to prove them (5) \can be used to find goods in online shopping malls.

When he was eight, his local authorities (6) him with a PC to help with school work. Although he

was (7) to read the manuals, he had a natural ability with the computer, and (8) by his father, he soon began (9) people $l0 an hour for his knowledge and skills. At the age of 15 he (10) up his own computer consultancy, Quad Computer, which he ran from his bedroom, and two years later he left school to (11) all his time to business.

\"By this time the company had grown and I needed to take on a (12) of employees to help me\says Ben. \"That enabled me to start (13) business with bigger companies.‖ It was. his ability to consistently (14) difficult challenges that led him to win the Young Entrepreneur of the Year award in the same year that he formed Waysearch, and he has recently signed a deal (15) $25 million with a private investment company, which will finance his search engine. 词汇:

remarkable / ri'mɑ:kəbl / a.卓越的，值得注意的 dyslexic /dis'leksik / a.诵读困难的 n.诵读困难者 authority /ɔ:'θɔrəti / n.权威，权力，当权

consultancy / kən'sʌltənsi / n.凡咨询公司，顾问工作 overcome / ,əuvə'kʌm / v. 克服，胜过

entrepreneur / ,ɔntrəprə'nə:/ n. 企业家，主办者 investment / in'vestmənt/ n. 投资，投入

注释:

1. What makes Ben's story all the more remarkable ... : 使得 Ben 的故事更引人注意的是…...

2. It was his ability to consistently overcome difficult challenges ... : 正是他持续不断地克服困难挑战的能力…

练习:

1. A) taken B) made C) put D) done 2. A) This B) That C) Something D) What 3. A) said B) told C) suggested D) reported

4. A) absolutely B) totally C) properly D) thoroughly 5. A) wrong B) false C) untrue D) unfair 6. A) provided B) gave C) offered D) got

7. A) impossible B) incapable C) disabled D) unable

8. A) promised B) invited C) encouraged D) animated 9. A) owing B) charging C) lending D) borrowing 10. A) put B) ran C) made D) set

11. A) pay B) spend C) devote D) invest 12. A) couple B) few C) little D) deal 13. A) having B) doing C) making D) bringing 14. A) overcome B) overlook C) overtake D) overdo 15. A) valuable B) estimated C) priced D) worth

答案与题解:

1. B 固定搭配make fortune，意为―制造财富，发财‖，因此选 B。其他三项均不合适。

2. D 这里应该是一个由 what 引导的从句为主语的句子，表示―使得 Ben 的故事更引人注意的

是……‖，其他三项均无法引导该从句。

3. B 根据句意，是 Ben 被告知，因此选项 told 为E确答案。said 意为―被说‖，suggested 意为―被建议‖，reported 意为―被报道‖，均不合句意。

4. C 联系上下文，了解到本句表达的是 Ben 曾被他的初中教师告知他将永远不能正确读写，而不是完全无法读写，因此 properly 才符合句意。absolutely 表示―完全地，绝对地‖，totally 表示―完全地‖，thoroughly 表示―彻底地，完全地‖，均不合句意。

5. A 根据句意，很容易了解 Ben 是要证明他们对他的判断错了，而不是说他们的判断是假的、不真实的，或者不公平的，所以 wrong 是正确答案。

6. A 根据动词前的主语 local authorities 和后面的介词 with 可以知道他是被提供了一台个人电脑，所以选项 provide 为正确答案。如用 give 则不需跟介词 with，如用 offer 则需跟 to，如用 get 则需前面的主语是 Ben。

7. D 根据句意，易知文中耍表达的是\"虽然他不能阅读使用指南\"，因此 unable 为正确答案。impossible 表示―不可能的‖，incapable 表示―元能力的‖，-般形容不能胜任的; disabled 表示―有残缺的‖。 8. C 根据句意，易知文中要表达的是在爸爸的鼓励下。若用 promised 则表示在爸爸的承诺下，il1-vited 则是在爸爸的邀请下，animated 表示\"有生气的\"，均不符合句意，因此 encouraged 为正确答案。

9. B 根据句意，―Ben 很快就开始以自己的知识和能力收费一二每小时10英镑\"，只有 charge符合句意。

10. D 联系上下文，根据句意，Ben 创建了自己的公司一-Quad Computer，固定搭配 set up 表示―创建‖，其他三项均不合适，所以选 D。

11. C 根据句意，Ben 把所有的精力投入到公司经营当中，根据后面的介词 to。可知，只有devote 是正确答案。

12. A 词组搭配 a couple of 表示―一些‖，few 一般形容只需少量的几个，little 形容不可数名词，文中要表达的是公司已经发展壮大，Ben 需要雇用一些员工，因此只有 couple 符合句意。

13. B 根据句意，Ben 开始与更大的公司做生意，固定搭配 do business with ...符合句意。其他三项均不合适。

14. A 固定搭配 overcome challenge，表示―克服困难，克服挑战‖，因此选 A。overlook 表示―不注意，忽视‖，overtake 表示―赶上‖，overtake 表示―把……做得过分‖。

15. D 根据句意，\"―价值2500万英镑的交易‖，显然 worth 是正确答案。valuable 表示―珍贵的，值钱的‖，estimated 表示―估计，预算‖，priced 表示―给……定价，附有定价的‖。

第五篇 Traffic in Our Cities

The volume of traffic in many cities in the world today continues to expand. This causes many problems, including serious air pollution, lengthy delays, and the greater risk (1) accidents. Clearly, something must be done, but it is often difficult to (2) people to change their habits and leave their cars at home. One possible (3) is to make it more expensive for people to use their cars by (4) charges for parking and (5) tougher fines for anyone who (6) the law. In addition, drivers could be required to pay for using particular routes at different times of the day. This system, (7) as \"road pricing\introduced in a (8) of cities, using a special electronic card (9) to the windscreen of the car. Another way of (10) with the problem is to provide cheap parking on the (11) of the city, and strictly control the number of vehicles allowed into the centre. Drivers and their passengers then use a special bus service for the (12) stage of their journey.

Of course, the most important (13) is to provide good public transport. However, to get people to (14) the comfort of their cars, public transport must be felt to be reliable, convenient and comfortable, with fares (15) at an acceptable level. 词汇:

lengthy /'leŋθi/ a. 漫长的，冗长的 persuade / pə'sweid / V. 说服，劝服

approach / ə'prəutʃ / n.方法，途径 windscreen /'windskri:n/ n. 汽车挡风玻璃 outskirt / 'autskə:t / n. 郊区，市郊

reliable / ri'laiəbl / a. 可靠的，可信赖的

注释:

1. ... strictly control the number of vehicles allowed into the centre:… 严格控制进入城市中心的车辆数量

2. ... public transport must be felt to be...: ……公共交通必须要让人感觉到…… 练习:

1. A) of B) for C) about D)by 2. A) make B) arrange C) suggest D)persuade 3. A) approach B) manner C) custom D)style 4. A) enlarging B) increasing C) growing D)developing 5. A) carrying down B) putting off C) bringing in D)taking away 6. A) crosses B) refuses C) breaks D)cracks 7. A) named B) seen C) ca lled D)known 8. A) quantity B) number C) total D)sum

9. A) fixed B) joined C) built D)placed 10. A) doing B) handling C) dealing D)solving 11 . A) outskirts B) border C) outside D)limit 12. A) late B) end C) complete D)final

13. A) thought B) thing C) work D)event 14. A) pass on B) throw away C) give up D)leave out 15. A) taken B) kept C) given D)stood

答案与题解:

1. A 固定搭配 the risk of ，表示―……的风险‖，所以 of 为正确答案。其他三项均不合适。

2. D根据句意和动词后的介词 to ，排除选项 A 和 C，而 arrange 表示―安排，整理‖，意思与作者要表达的―说服人们改变他们的生活习惯‖不符，所以 persuade 为正确答案。

3. A 联系上下文，可知这里提出的是一个解决问题的方法，approach 表示\"方法，途径\"，符合句意，为正确答案。manner 表示―方式，风俗‖，custom 表示―制定的，风俗‖，style 表示―风格，样式‖，均不符合句意。

4. B 根据句意，这里是说要―增加停车收费‖，increase 表示―增加‖，符合句意，为正确答案。 enlarge 表示―扩大，增大‖，grow 表示―发展‖，develop 表示―发展，开发，生长‖，均不符合句意。 5. C 根据句意，对那些违章的人的要加强收款，bringin 表示―作为……的收益‖，为正确答案。 carry down 表示―搬下，结账，把……传下来‖，put off 表示―推迟，脱掉‖，take away 表示―带走，取走‖，均不符合句意。

6. C根据句意，违规的人将会被加大惩罚方度，break 表示―打破‖符合句意。cross 表示―交叉‖，refuse

表示―拒绝‖， crack 表示―破裂‖，均不符合题意。

7. D 固定搭配 known as ... ，表示―以……为(人们)所熟知‖。

8. B根据句意，―道路收费‖的系统已经被一些城市所引用，a number of 表示―一些‖，符合句意，为正确答案。quantity 表示―大量‖，total 表示―总数‖，sum 表示―合计，总数‖，均不符合句意。

9. A fixed to ...表示―固定在……上‖，文中是说―固定在汽车的挡风玻璃上‖，所以选 A。其他三项都不符合句意。

10. C 根据句意，要求表达另一种处理这个问题的方法，deal with problem 表示―处理问题‖，为正确答案。.

11. A 联系上下文，作者后边提到―城市中心‖，再根据句意，可得出前面说―郊区‖，只有 outskirt 是正确答案。

12. D final 表示―最后的‖，根据句子可知这里表示旅程的最后一段，为正确答案。late 表示―晚的，最近的‖，不符合句意; end 不可用在名词前作修饰；complete 表示―完整的‖，也不符合句意。 13. B―the most important thing‖为惯用语，表示―最重要的事是……‖，根据句意，作者要表达的是―最重要的事情还是提供良好的公共交通‖，因此 thing 为正确答案，其他三项均不合适。

14. C pass on 表―传递，继续‖，throw away 表示―扔掉，丢弃‖，leave out 表示―遗漏，省去‖，give up 表示―放弃‖。根据句意，舍弃汽车的舒适，give up 最为恰当，所以选 C。

15. B 固定搭配 keep at an acceptable level 表示保持在一个可接受的水平。其他三项均不正确。

第六篇 Teaching and learning

Many teachers believe that the responsibilities for learning lie with the student. If a long reading assignment is given, instructors expect students to be familiar with the (1)________in the reading even if they do not discuss it in class or take an examination. The (2) _______ student is considered to be one who is motivated to learn for the sake of(3) _______, not the one interested only in getting high grades. Sometimes homework is returned(4) _______ brief written comments but without a grade. Even if a grade is not given, the student is(5) _______ for learning the material assigned. When research is(6) _______ , the professor expects the student to take it actively and to complete it with(7) _______ guidance. It is the student's responsibility to find books, magazines, and articles in the library. Professors do not have the time to explain(8) _______ a university library works; they expect students(9) _______ graduate students to exhaust the reference(10) _______ in the library. Professors will help students who need it, but(11) _______ that their students should not be (12) _______ dependent on them. In the United Stats professors have many other duties (13) _______ teaching， such as administrative or research work. Therefore, the time that a professor can spend with a student outside of class is (14) _______ . If a student has problems with classroom work , the student should either (15) _______ a professor during office hours or make an appointment.

词汇:

assignment / ə'sainmənt/n. 任务，作业 administrative / əd'ministrətiv / adj. 管理的，行政的 motivate /'məuti,veit/ V. 剌激，激发……的积极性 appointment / ə'pɔintmən / n. 约定，约会 exhaust / ig'zɔ:st / V. 耗尽，使筋疲力尽;彻底讨论注释:

1. ...lie with ... :……是……的责任

2. ... for the sake of learning ... :……为了学习……

3. ... approach a professor during office hours ... :……在办公时间见老师…… 练习:

1. A) suggestion B) context C) abstract D) information 2. A) poor B) ideal C) average D) disappointed 3. A) fun B) work C) learning D) prize 4. A) by B) in C) for D) with

5. A) criticized B) innocent C) responsible D) dismissed 6. A) collected B) distributed C) assigned D) finished 7. A) maximum B) minimum C)possible D) practical 8 A) when B) what C)why D) how 9. A) particularly B) essentially C) obviously D) rarely 10. A) selections B) collections C) sources D) origins 11. A) hate B) dislike C) like D) prefer 12. A) too B) such C)much D) more 13. A) but B) except C) with D) besides 14. A) plentiful B) limited C) irregu1ar D) flexible 15. A) greet B) annoy C) approach D) attach

答案与题解:

1. D 综合第一句的大意，只有 D 选项\"信息\"填在这里恰当，A 选项的意思是\"提议，暗示\" ，B\"语境，上下文\" ，C\"摘要\"。

2. B 此句大意为\"理想的学生是为了学习而学习\"，只有 ideal最符合要求，故选 B。 3. C 本文讲的是与学生学习相关的内容，A，B，D 均不合文意及句意，故排除。

4. D 此处要区分几个介词的含义，be returned with 一般有\"带着……回来\"之意，此句意为 \"有时，被发回来的作业上只有简短的评价，并无分数\"。be returned by 意为\"被……带回来\"，而 for ，in 于此搭配不当，答案选 D。

5. C be responsible for 是固定搭配，表示\"对……负责任\"。其他选项放在此处都不合上下文含意。 6. C 此句意思是\"当一项研究课题被选定时，教授们期望学生积极去做\"。A 和 D 不合题意，

最大的干扰项 B 意思为\"分配，分布\"，一般指一个整体被分散给许多个体，与之相比，C 选项更为合适。

7. B 老师肯定希望学生能够在尽可能少的指导下完成研究。只有 B 选项意为\"最小的\"，为正确答案。 8. D 首先排除 B 选项，因为此处需要一个关系副词充当宾语从句的状语，而 what 是关系代词，之后要看整句的意思，教授们没有时间去给学生解释一个大学图书馆是怎样运作的。A 和 C 虽然符合语法要求，但放此处意思不通，故选 D。

9. A A 选项意为\"尤其\" ，B\"本质上\" ，C\"明显地\"，D\"很少地，难得\"。此处强调毕业生，A 选项较为合适。

10. C 此句意为\"教授们期望学生，尤其是研究生阅尽图书馆中的文献资源 \"。 A 意为\"选集\"，B 为\"集合\"，两者一般都指文学作品的\"集合\"，而此处是学术界的文献。C 与 D 选项都有\"来源，源头\"的意思，但 D 选项侧重于\"起源，开端\"，C 更侧重于\"原始资料\"，为正确答案。

11. D 根据下文意思，A和B 选项可直接排除，教授们肯定是喜欢学生不依赖他们，不是不喜欢。D 选项的含义比 C 选项更递进了一步，符合题意，故选D。

12. A dependent 是形容词，前面不能与 such ，much 搭配，D 选项 more 放在此处构成比较级，但前文并无原级与之相比较，因此只剩下 A 为答案，此句意为\"教授们愿意帮助那些需要帮助的学生，但更希望学生不要太过依赖他们\"。

13. D 此题重点在于区分三个有\"除……之外\"含义的介词。A 选项一般翻译成\"而不是，并不是\" ，B 选项意为\"除去……之外\"，D 选项意为\"除去……之外还……\"，此句意思为\"美国的教授除了教书之外还有许多其他的职责\"，故 D 为答案。

14. B 根据上文含义，一个教授能花在学生身上的时间一定是有限的，A，C，D 不合题意，直接排除，B 选项为正确答案。

15. C 此题还是承接上文含义，正因为教授时间有限，因此学生若想与之沟通，定要等教授在学校的时候，或是提前约好。C 选项意为\"接近，靠近\"，为正确答案，其他选项意思与文意不符，A 为\"问候\" ，B 为\"使……厌恶\"，D 为\"依附，伴随，添加\"。

*第七篇 The Difference between Man and Computer

What makes people different from computer programs? What is the missing element that our theories don‘t yet (1) ______ for? The answer is simple: People read newspaper stories for a reason: to learn more about (2) ______they are interested in. Computers, on the other hand， don't. In fact，computers don't (3) ______ have interests; there is nothing in particular that they are trying to find out when they read. If a computer (4) ______is to be a model of story understanding ，it should also read for a \"purpose\".

Of course ，people have several goals that do not make (5) ______ to attribute to computers. One might read a restaurant guide (6) ______order to satisfy hunger or entertainment goals, or to (7) ______a good place to go for a business lunch. Computers do not get hungry, and computers do not have business lunches. However ，these physiological and social goals give (8) ______to several intellectual or cognitive goals. A goal to satisfy hunger gives rise to goals to find (9) ______ about the name of a restaurant which (10) ______ the desired type of food ，how expensive the restaurant is，the location of the restaurant, etc. These are goals to (11) ______ information or knowledge, what we are calling (12) ______ goals. These goals can be held by computers too; a computer (13) ______ \"want\" to find out the location of a restaurant ，and read a guide in order to do so (14) ______ the same way as a person might. While such a goal would not (15) ______out of hunger in the case of the computer，it might well arise out of the \"goal\" to learn more about restaurants.

词汇:

element / 'elimənt / n. 元素，成分，要素 intellectual /,intil'ektʃuəl/ adj. 智力的，聪明的 entertainment /,entə'teinmənt/ n. 娱乐，消遣

physiological /,fiziə'lɔdʒikəl/ adj. 生理学的，生理的 cognitive / 'kɔgnitiv / adj. 认知的，认识上的

注释:

1. ... attribute to computers ... :……把……归于电脑，归属于电脑…… 2. ... in the case of computer ... :……对于电脑来说……

练习:

1. A) express B) explain C) account D) count 2. A) why B) how C) what D) when 3. A) once B) even C) ever D) often 4. A) program B) instruction C) system D) function 5. A). success B) sense C) scene D) point 6. A) of B) or C) in D) and 7. A) find B) search C) look D) watch 8. A) way B) play C) rise D) birth 9. A) place B) food C)reference D)information 10. A) orders B) sells C)supports D) serves 11. A) acquire B) ask C) require D) consult 12. A) understanding B) learning C) knowledge D) awareness 13. A) could B) might C)should D) would 14. A) as B) on C)by D) in

15. A) arise B) rise C)consent D) derive

答案与题解:

1. C 此处考查对固定搭配的掌握情况，只有account能与for 搭配，意为\"解释\"，其他三个选项的词都是及物动词，不与介词搭配。

2. C 分析全句，此处应填一个宾语从句的引导词，从句中缺少宾语，故应填 what ，此句意为 \"去了解他们所感兴趣的东西\"，其他三个选项均为关系副词，不能充当从句中的宾语。 3. B 此处选 even 加强语气，\"事实上，电脑甚至都没有兴趣\"。

4. A computer program 是常见搭配，意为\"电脑程序\"，其他选项与句意不符，故排除。

5. B make sense 是固定搭配，意思是\"有道理, 合理, 能被理解\"。整句的意思为\"当然人也有目标，但这些目标若被归在电脑身上便不合逻辑了\"。

6. C in order to 是固定搭配，表示目的，意为\"为了……\"，故选 C。

7. A 结合上下文我们得知，此处应填具有\"寻找\"含义的词，watch 没有此含义，首先被排除，C 选项后若加上 for ，便符合文意，search 有\"搜寻，查找\"的含义，但一般指深人彻底地调查，只有 A 选项 find 在含义和语气上都符合句意。

8. C 从下一句便可找到答案为 C 选项，give rise to 意为\"引起，导致，使发生\"。 9. D 选择 D 意为\"找到关于餐馆名字的信息\"，其他选项放此处均不合适。

10. D 此处需填一个谓语动词，因此要搞清主语\"餐馆\"与宾语\"食物\"之间的关系，只有\"餐馆供应食物\"合乎逻辑，故答案为 serve。

11. A 上文提到了种种人生理的、智力上的、认知的目标，因为饿得到了有关餐馆的信息，因而此处要填\"获取\" ，B ，C，D 与文意不符。 12. B 此空依然承接上文的意思，那些目标都是获取信息的目标，都是学习的目标,答案为 B 选项。 13. B 此处缺一个情态动词，阅读到后半句时便很容易选出答案，此处的 might 与后面 as a person might 相呼应，表示不确定的推测，意为\"可能，也许\"。

14. D 能与 way 搭配的介词一般只有 in ，表示\"以……方式\"，此处的含义为\"与一个人可能想要做事的方式相同\"。

15. A arise out of 是固定搭配，意为\"起于……\"，即使不知道短语的含义，看到后面又出现一次 arise out of ，也应可以选出答案。

*第八篇 Look on The Bright Side

Do you ever wish you were more optimistic, someone who always (1) _______ to be successful? Having someone around who always (2) _______ the worst isn‘t really a lot of (3) _______ . We all know someone who sees a single cloud on a sunny day and says ，\"INooks ( 4 ) _______ rain. \" But if you catch yourself thinking such things，it's important to do something (5) _______ it. You can change your view of life ，(6) _______to psychologists. It only takes a little effort ，and you'll find life more rewarding as a (7) _______. Optimism，they say，is partly about self-respect and confidence but it's also a more positive way of looking at life and all it has to (8) _______. Optimists are more (9) _______ to start new projects and are generally more prepared to take risks.

Upbringing is obviously very important in forming your (10) _______to the world. Some people are brought up to (11) _______too much on others and grow up forever blaming other people when anything (12) _______wrong. Most optimists，on the (13 ) _______ hand, have been brought up not to (14) _______failure as the end of the world—they just (15) _______ with their lives. 词汇:

optimistic /,ɔpti'mistik/adj. 乐观的，乐观主义的 upbringing / 'ʌp,briŋiŋ / n. 教养，养育，抚育

psychologist / sai'kɔlədʒist/ n. 心理学家 obviously / 'ɔbviəsli / adv. 明显地，显然地

rewarding / ri'wɔ:diŋ / adj. 有益的，值得的，有报酬的 blame / bleim / v. 责备，归咎于

注释:

1. ...catch yourself thinking such things ... :……发现自己在想这样的事情…… 2. ... are generally more prepared to take risks:……通常更容易准备好去冒险练习:

1. A) counted B) expected C) felt D) waited 2. A) worries B) cares C) fears D) doubts 3. A) amusement B) play C) enjoyment D) fun 4. A) so B) to C) for D) like 5. A) with B) against C) about D) over

6. A) judging B) according C) concerning D) following 7. A) result B) reason C) purpose D) product 8. A) supply B) suggest C) offer D) propose 9. A) possible B) likely C) hopeful D) welcome 10. A) opinion B) attitude C) view D) position 11. A) trust B) believe C) depend D) hope 12. A) goes B) falls C) comes D) turns 13. A) opposite B) next C) other D) far 14. A) regard B) respect C) suppose D) think

15. A) get up B) get on C) get out D) get over

答案与题解:

1. B 看到后面的不定式，应马上想到 expect，这是常见搭配，意思是\"期望做某事\"，放在此处也符合句意，故选B。

2. C 此句大意为\"若是周围有个总是往事情最坏处考虑的人，我们一定没有什么乐趣\"，此处符合逻辑的只有 worry和 fear,但 worry要与 about 搭配，故 C 为正确答案。

3. P A, B, D 都有\"乐趣\"的意思，但口语中常和 a lot of 搭配的只有fun，意为\"很多乐趣\"。 4. D look like 意为\"看起来像……，看上去要……\" ，符合句意，为正确答案。

5. C 此句意思为\"对此采取一些措施是重要的\"，A 与 D 搭配不当，直接被排除，B 选项 against 容易被误选，译为\"采取措施来对抗它\"，但此处的 it 是指代前面整句话，指这个状况、情况、事实。我们只能针对这个情况采取措施，不能去对抗它，C 选项比较合理。 6. B according to 固定搭配，意为\"根据……\"。

7. A as a result 是个惯用短语，表示结果，意为\"最后，结果，最终\"。整句译为―只需一点儿努力，你将发现生活会回报你更多‖。

8. C 此句的含义为\"乐观主义也是对待生活的和它所给予的一种积极态度\"。只有 A与 C与句意相符，但 supply 是不及物动词，须与介词 with 搭配，故 C 选项正确。

9. B 分析上下文意思，此处乐观主义者是更容易开始新项目，be likely to 是习惯用法，译成 \"倾向于，很有可能\" ，be possible to 也有这样的意思，但主语一般是 it ，故选 B。

10. B 想要表示\"对...，....的看法，意见，态度\"，可以用 opinion about，view of ，或是 attitude to/ towards ，根据惯用说法，B 选项最为合适。

11. C 四个选项中只有 depend 能与 on 搭配，表示\"依赖于……\"，其他三个选项均为及物动词，因此答案是 C。

12. A something goes wrong 是习惯说法，意思是\"出毛病，弄错，发生故障\"，其他选项不能这样搭配。

13. C 此处涉及的惯用说法是 on the one hand... ，on the other hand ... ，翻译成\"一方面……，另一方面……\"，C 为正确答案。

14. A regard ... as ...是固定搭配，意为\"把……看做……\"，A 为正确答案，D 选项容易干扰应试者的判断，但具有\"把……看做……\"含义的短语应为 think of ... as ...。

15. B 本题涉及的两个固定搭配为 get on with 和 get over with ，前者意为\"继续……\"，为正确答案，后者意为\"完成，结束，做完了事\"。

*第九篇 The First Bicycle

The history of the bicycle goes back more than 200 years. In 1791，Count de Sivrac (1) ________onlookers in a park in Paris as he showed off his two-wheeled invention ，a machine called the celeriferé. It was basically an (2) ________version of a children‘s toy which had been in (3) ________ for many years. Sivrac's \"celeriferé had a wooden frame，made in the (4) ________ of a horse ，which was mounted on a wheel at either end. To ride it ，you sat on a small seat ，just like a modem bicycle ，and pushed (5) ________ against the (6) ________ with your legs—there were no pedals. It was impossible to steer a celeriferé and it had no brakes，but despite these problems the invention very much (7) ________to the fashionable young men of Paris. Soon they were (8) ________ races up and down the streets.

Minor (9) ________were common as riders attempted a final burst of ( 10 )

________ . Controlling the machine was difficult ，as the only way to change (11) ________ was to pull up the front of the \"celeriferé\" and (12) ________it round while the front wheel was (13) ________ in the air. \"Celeriferés\" were not popular for long ，however ，as the (14) ________of no springs ，no steering and rough roads made riding them very uncomfortable. Even so，the wooden celeriferé was the (15) ________of the modem bicycle.

词汇：

count / kaunt / n. 伯爵 brake / breik / n. 闸，刹车

onlooker / 'ɔn,lukə / n. 观众 burst / bə:st / v. 爆发，突发，爆炸 pedal / 'pedl / n. 踏板，脚蹬子 spring / spriŋ / n. ' 弹簧

steer / stiə / v. 驾驶，操纵，控制 rough / rʌf / adj，粗糙的，不平整的

注释:

1. ... which was mounted on a wheel at either end: ……两端都装上了轮子 2 ...as riders attempted a final burst of speed:……当骑手尝试最后冲刺的时候

练习:

1. A) delighted B) cheered C) appreciated D) overjoyed 2. A) increased B) enormous C) extended D) enlarged 3. A) use B) play C) operation D) service 4. A) resemblance B) shape C)body D）appearance 5. A) fast B) deeply C) heavily D) hard 6. A) surface B) ground C) earth D) floor 7. A) attracted B) appealed C) took D) called 8. A) going B) getting C) holding D) making 9. A) wounds B) trips C) injuries D) breaks 10. A) velocity B) energy C) pace D) speed 11. A) direction B) route C) heading D) way 12. A) ro11 B) drive C) turn D) revolve 13. A) cycling B) circling C) winding D) spinning 14. A) mixture B) link C) combination D) union

15. A) origin B) design C)model D) introduction

答案与题解:

1. A 根据句意，西夫拉克伯爵使公园里的观众都感到高兴，能表示\"使……高兴\"意思的只有 A 和 D ，而 D 选项 overjoy 意思为\"使……过度兴奋，狂喜\"，感情色彩过于强烈，这里应填 delight\"使……喜悦\"。

2. D 一开始发明的自行车应该是个儿童玩具的扩大版，increased\" 增加的\" ，enormous\" 巨大的\" ，extended\"延伸的\"均不合题意。

3. A 此处有三个选项都可以与 in 搭配，in use\" 在使用中\" ，in operation\" 生效，运行中\"，in service\"服务中\"，只有 in use 填入此空符合逻辑，故选择 A。

4. B 最早的自行车是用木头支架做成马的形状，弄懂意思后答案一目了然，resemblance 意为 \"相似，相似物\" ，appearance\"外貌，外观\"。

5. D 此处意思为\"用脚使劲蹬地\"，故选 hard。heavily 意为\"沉重地，猛烈地\"。

6. B 四个选项都眼\"地\"有点关系，surface\" 表面\"，ground\" 地面，土地\"，earth―泥土，陆地‖， floor\"地板，地面\"，比较之后，只有 ground 比较合适。

7. B appeal to 意思为\"吸引\" ，attract 本身就是及物动词\"吸引\"，后不需要加介词 to ，take to意为\"开始喜欢，开始从事\"。

8. C hold races 在这里是\"举行赛跑\"的意思，其他选项不合题意。

9. C 人们在最后冲刺的时候，受点小伤是很常见的。只有 wound 和 injury 有\"受伤，伤害\"的意思，wound 做名词一般指\"伤口，受伤的地方\" ，injury 指\"小伤\"，为正确答案。 10. D 此处表示\"最后猛一冲刺\" ，一定是速度很快，除了 B 选项之外的三个选项都有\"速度\" 之意，velocity\" 速率，速度\"，为科学用语，pace―步调，步法‖，speed\" 速度\"，是常用词，故选D。 ll. A 此处的意思是\"改变方向\"，并不是要改变路线，只有 A 选项符合题意。

12. C 想要改变行车方向需要抬起车头在空中掉转，turn round 为惯用搭配，意为\"旋转，掉转\" ，roll 和 revolve 本身就有\"旋转\"的意思，后面不需加 round。

13. D 这四个选项都有\"转圈\"的意思，cycle\"循环，骑自行车\" ，circle\"旋转，环绕移动\"，wind \"缠绕，上发条\自旋，纺纱\"，此处主语为 wheel ，轮子在空中一定是\"自旋\"，因此选D。 14. C 四个选项都有\"综合\"的意思，mixture 表示 \"混合，混合物\" ，link\" 连接，结合\"， combination\"结合，组合，联合\" ，union\"联盟，联合\"，全句意为\"结合了没有弹簧、没有方向舵，以及遭遇不平整路段等问题，木制双轮车骑起来十分不舒服\"，只有 C 选项的意思放在此处最恰当。

15. A 综合全文大意，我们得知法国人发明的木制双轮车便是现代自行车的始祖，A 选项符合题意。

*第十篇 Working Mothers

Carefully conducted researches that have followed the children of working mothers have not been able to show any long-term problems，compared with children whose mothers stayed at home. My personal (1) _______ is that mothers should be allowed to work if they wish. Whether we like it or not ，there are a (2) _______ of mothers who just have to work.. There are those who have invested such a big part of their lives in establishing a career that they cannot (3) _______ see it lost. Then there are many who must work out of pure economic (4) _______. Many mothers are not (5) _______ out to be full-time parents. After a few months at home with a much loved infant ，they feel trapped and isolated.

There are a number of options when it (6) _______ to choosing childcare. These range from child minders and nannies through to Granny or the kind lady (7) _______ the street. (8) _______, however ，many parents don't have any choice; they have to accept anything they can get. Be prepared! No (9) _______ how good the childcare may be ，some children are going to protest wildly if they are left. This is a (10) _______ normal stage of child development. Babies separate well in the first six months，but soon after that they start to get a crush on Mum and close family (11) _______ . Make sure that in the first week you allow (12) _______ time to help your child settle in.

All children are different. Some are independent ，while others are more (13) _______ to their mothers. Remember that if you want to(14) _______ the best for your children ，it's not the quantity of time you spend with them，it's the (15) _______ that matters.

词汇:

conduct /kən'dʌkt / v. 实施，实行 isolate / 'aisəleit/ v. 使隔离，使孤立 invest / in'vest / v. 投资 option / 'ɔpʃən / n. 选项，选择 establish / i'stæbliʃ / v. 建立 nanny / 'næni /n. 保姆 economic /,i:kə'nɔmik/ adj. 经济上的 protest / prə'test / v. 抗议 infant / 'infənt/ n. 婴儿，幼儿 crush / krʌʃ / n: 迷恋

trap / træp / v. 使陷入困境，使受限制 quantity /'kwɔntiti/ n. 数量注释:

1. range from ...to...: 从……变动到……，在……范围内变化

2. ... babies separate well in the first six months:……婴儿刚出生的前六个月对与母亲分开没有感觉……

3. ... to help your child settle in:……帮助你的孩子安稳下来…… 练习:

1. A) view B) idea C) thought D) decision 2. A) percentage B) group C) number D) proportion 3. A) afford B) decide C) hope D) expect 4. A) reason B) duty C) necessity D) task 5. A) made B) cut C) brought D) born 6. A) refers B) concerns C) turns D) comes 7. A) of B) opposite C) across D) next to 8. A) In addition B) In fact C) In reality D) In contrast 9. A) way B) matter C) surprise D) exception 10. A) perfectly B) extremely C) very D) certainly 11. A) people B) adults C) members D) grown-ups 12. A) little B) no C) lots D) plenty of 13. A) used B) attached C) keen D) fond 14. A) make B) give C) have D) do 15. A) quality B) attitude C) behavior D) manner

答案与题解:

1. A 此处阐明作者的观点，只有view 能代表对某方面的\"见解\"或\"观点\"，其他选项只是单纯的\"想想、法\"或是\"决定\不合题意。

2. C a number of 是固定搭配，修饰可数名词，表示数量上\"很多\"。 3. A can't afford to do sth.为惯用语，表示\"负担不起……\"。

4. C 此题四个选项在语法上都能与前面的 out of 搭配，out of reason 意为\"无理的,不合理的\" ，out of duty 与 out of task 意思是\"出于责任，任务的\"，out of necessity \"有必要，出于.…...的必要，综合分析只有C选项填入此空较为合理。

5. B 固定搭配 be cut out for/be cut out to do sth. 意为\"适合于，天生就是做某事的料\" ，make out\"理解，辨认出;亲热\" ，bring out\"使显出;出版;生产\"，只有 B 选项符合文意。

6. D it comes to sth. 为惯用说法，在这里意思是\"涉及\"，整句说的是\"当涉及儿童托管时，有许多方式可供选择\"，refer to 意为\"指……而言\"。

7. C across the street 意为\"街对面\"，其他选项的词搭配不当，故选 C。

8. C 此处讨论在现实状况下，很多父母根本没有选择的余地。\"在现实状况下\"就是 in reality ，此题容易误选 B ，in fact 意为\"事实上，实际上\"，常常表示经过推论得出的结果，放在此处其实也不算错，但是完形填空不是让我们选出正确的答案，而是选出最合适的选项，故此题选 C。

9. B no matter +疑问词，表示\"无论……\"，此句意为\"不管你选的托管方式有多好，一些孩子被留下时，都会激烈抗议\"。

10. A perfectly normal 为惯用说法，意思是\"完全正常的\"，其他选项虽说在语法上与逻辑上也不错，但 perfectly 更好些。

11. C family members\"家庭成员\"，其他选项均不适合，C 为正确答案。

12. D 首先从逻辑上排除 A 和 B 选项，一定是留给孩子足够\"多\"的时间。C 选项 lots 后面若能加上介词 of 则构成修饰可数名字的短语，lots of\"许多的\"，原文中被修饰词 time 是不可数名词，只有 D 选项 plenty of 可以修饰不可数名词，表示\"大量的\"。 13. B 四个选项中除了 fond 与 of 搭配，意为\"喜欢\"之外，其他的选项都可与 to 搭配，be used to sth./doing\"习惯于(做)某事\"，be attached to\"依附于，依恋于\" ，be keen to do sth. \"急切，渴望\"，此处孩子要\"依恋于\"母亲，因此 B 选项正确。

14. D 此处意为\"为你的孩子做到最好\"，一般用 do one' s best for ，而不用 make one' s best ，若想用 give，则是 give one' s best to，因此只有 D 选项符合要求。

15. A 上半句的 quantity 已经对此题的答案做出了暗示，一定是\"质量\" quality 与\"数量\" quantity 相对。

+第十一篇 School Lunch

Research has shown that over half the children in Britain who take their own lunches to school do not eat (1) __ in the middle of the day. In Britain schools have to (2) __meals at lunchtime. Children can (3) __ to bring their own food or have lunch at the school canteen.

One shocking (4) __ of this research is that school meals are much healthier than lunches prepared by parents. There are strict (5) __ for the preparation of school meals, which have to include one (6) __ of fruit and one of vegetables, as well as meat, a dairy item and starchy food like bread or pasta. Lunchboxes (7) __by researchers contained sweet drinks, crisps and chocolate bars. Children (8) _ twice as much sugar as they should at lunchtime.

The research will provide a better (9) __ of why the percentage of overweight students in Britain has (10) __in the last decade. Unfortunately, the government cannot(11) __ parents, but it can remind them of the (12) __value of milk, fruit and vegetables. Small changes in their children's diet can (13) __their future health. Children can easily develop bad eating (14) __ at this age, and parents are the only ones who can (15) __it.

词汇：

Canteen / kæn'ti:n / n.食堂，小卖部 starchy / 'stɑ:tʃi / adj. (食物)含有大量淀粉的

注释：

1. ... twice as much sugar as ... ：……2倍的糖分…… 2. it can remind them of the ... ：提醒他们关于……

练习：

1. A) appropriately B) properly C) probably D) possibly 2. A) give B) provide C) make D) do 3. A) prefer B) manage C) want D) choose

4. A) finding B) number C) figure D) factor 5. A) standards B) procedures C) conditions D) Ways 6. A) piece B) portion C) bowl D) kilo 7. A) examined B) found C) taken D) investigated 8. A) take B) contain C) consume D) consist

9. A) view B) knowledge C) understanding D) opinion 10. A) increased B) expanded C) extended D) added 11. A) criticise B) instruct C) order D) tell

12. A) nutritional B) healthy C) positive D) good 13. A) damage B) predict C) destroy D) affect

14. A) behaviours B) styles C) attitudes D) habits 15. A) prevent B) define C) decide D) delay

答案与题解：

1. B 本句意为―在英国超过一半以上的儿童将午餐带到学校去吃而不是在中午饭点正常吃‖此处需要有―正当地，得体地‖意思的副词。A 选项意为 appropriately―适当地；相称地‖ C选项 probably 意为\"大概，或许;可能\"。D 选项 possibly 意为\"可能地;也许;大概\"。所以应该在A和B之间选择，A项倾向\"得体\"。故选 B。

2. B 根据四个选项的意思，可以看出这句有\"提供\"的意思，所以答案为 B。

3. D本句意为\"孩子们可以选择带餐过去或者在食堂就餐\"。选项 A 为 prefer\"更喜欢\"。选项B 为 manage\"管理;经营\"。选项 C 为 want\"需要\"。而 D 中 choose 意为\"选择\"。故选 D。

4. A本句意为\"一项令人震惊的发现显示……\" B 选项 number 为\"号码;数字\"0 c 选项figure 为\"数字;人物\"。D 选项 factor 为\"因素;要素\"。只有 A 选项 finding 为\"发现\"，符合句意。故选 A。

5. A 本句意为\"学校午餐有着严格的准备标准\" B 选项 procedure 为\"进程\";C 选项condition 为\"条件\";D 选项 way 为\"方式，方法\";只有 A 选项 standard 为\"标准\"。故选 A。

6. B 考查量词。A ，C，D 把量具体化了，然而本题中并没有明确指出每天应该摄人多少水果，所以只是\"比例\"的意思，故选' B。

7. A 本句意为\"然而被检查的学生自带的饭盒中含有甜饮料、薯条和巧克力棒。\"D选项investigated 意为\"研究；调查\";A 选项 examine 更符合句意。故选择 A。

8. C 本句意为\"学生摄取的糖分是他们应当在午餐中摄取的2倍。\"其中 A 选项 take 意为 \"拿，获得\"。 B 选项 contain 意为\"包含;控制\"。 D 选项 consist 意为\"组成;在于;符合\"。只有 C 选项 consume 有摄取之意，符合句意。故选'C。

9. C本句的意思为\"这份调查研究对为什么在过去的十年中英国学生的超重人数上升提供了一个更好的解释。\"A 选项 view 意为\"观察;意见 \"。 B 选项 knowledge 意为\"知识;学问\" c 选项 understanding 意为\"谅解;理解\"，符合句意。D 选项 opinion 意为\"意见，主张\"。故选 C 。

10. A 本句意为\"这份调查研究对为什么在过去的十年中英国学生的超重人数上升提供了一个更好的解释。\"选项 B 为\"扩大(面积，体积的扩大)\";选项 C 为\"扩张(延展.性)\";选项 D为\"增加，加上\"的意思;A 选项 increased 意为\"增长的\"，符合句意。故选 A。

11. A 此处的句意为\"政府不能批评家长\"0 B 选项 instruct 意为\"指导;通知;命令\"。 C 选项 order 意为\"命令;整理\" 0 D 选项 tell 意为\"告诉，辨别\";而 A 选项 criticise 意为\"批评\"，与句意相符。故选 A。

12. A 此处句意为\"……但却可以提醒他们牛奶，7j(果、蔬•菜的营养价值。\"B 选项 healthy 为\"健康的，健全的\";C 选项 positive 为\"积极的\";D 选项 good 意为\"好的，优良的\"。从句子的意思上看这里有\"营养的\"意思;而 A选项 nutritional 意为\"营养的，滋润的\"，与句意相符。故选 A。

13. D 此句意为\"孩子们饮食上小小的改变可能会影响他们未来的健康。\"A 选项 damage 意为\"损害，毁坏\";'B 选项 predict 意为\"预测\";C 选项 destroy 意为\"破坏，消灭，毁坏\";只有D 选项 affect 意为\"影响\"，与句意相符。故选 D。

14. D develop habits 为固定搭配―养成习惯‖的意思，故选 b。 15. A 此句意为\"……家长却是唯一能够阻止这件事发生的人。\"B 选项 define 意为\"定义，使明确\";C 选项 decide 意为\"决定\";D 选项 delay 为\"延期，耽搁\";只A 选项 prevent 意为 \"预防，防止\"，与句意相符。故选 A。

+第十二篇 A Powerful Influence

There can be no doubt at all that the Internet has made a huge difference to our lives. Parents are worried that children spend too much time playing on the Internet, hardly (1) ______ doing anything else in their spare time. Naturally, parents are (2) ________ to find out why the Internet is so attractive, and they want to know if it can be (3) ________ to their children. Should parents worry if their children are spending that much time (4) ________ their computers?

Obviously; if children are bent over their computers for hours, (5) ________in some game, instead of doing their homework, then something is wrong. Parents and children could decide how much use the child should (6) ______ of the Internet, and the child should give his or her (7) ______ that it won‘t interfere with homework. If the child is not (8) ______to this arrangement, the parent can take more drastic (9) ______ dealing with a child's use of the Internet is not much different from (10) ______ any other soft of bargain about behaviour.

Any parent who is (11) ______ alarmed about a child's behaviour should make an appointment to (12)______ the matter with a teacher. Spending time in front of the screen does not (13) ______ affect a child's performance at school. Even if a child is (14) ______ crazy about using the Internet，he or she is probably just (15) ______through a phase, and in a few months there will be something else to worry about!

词汇：

drastic / 'dræstik / adj.严厉的，极端的 phase / felz / n. 阶段，时期

arrangement / ə'reindʒmənt / n. 安排

注释：

1. ... make a huge difference ... :……造成巨大改变…

2. ... children are bent over their computers for hours ... : bend over: ……埋头苦干，孩子们在电脑上花费了数小时......

练习：

1. A) always B) rarely C) never D) ever

2. A) worried B) concerned C) curious D) hopeful 3. A) harming B) harmful C) hurting D) hurtful 4. A) staring at B) glancing at C) looking D) watching 5. A) supposed B) occupied C) interested D) absorbed 6. A) do B) have C) make D) create

7. A) word B) promise C) vow D) claim

8. A) holding B) sticking C) following D) accepting 9. A) rules B) procedures C) regulation D) steps 10. A) dealing B) negotiating C) having D) arranging 11. A) widely B) heavily C) seriously D) broadly 12. A) speak B) discuss C) talk D) debate

13. A) possibly B) necessarily C) probably D) consequently 14. A) absolutely B) more C) quite D) a lot

15. A) going B) passing C) travelling D) walking

答案与题解：

1. D 此句句意为\"在他们的课余时间几乎不做其他的事情\"，其中 hardly ever 为固定搭配意为\"几乎不\"等同于 never。

2. C 考查固定搭配。其中A 选项 be worried about 8th. 意为\"对……表示忧虑\";B 选项 be concerned about 意为\"对……感到担心\";D 选项 hopeful 意为\"有希望的\"，与句意不符;而 C选项 be curious to sth. 意为\"对……表示好奇\"，与句意一致。故选 C。

3. B harmful 泛指伤害，而 hurt 强调情感、精神的伤害，根据题意应选民

4. A四个选项都表示看的意思，stare at 表示\"盯着看\" ，glance at 表示\"瞟一眼\" ，100k 泛指看，watch 有观察之意。本句句意为\"孩子们花了大量的时间盯着电脑看\"，故选 A。

5. D 考查固定搭配。此句句意为\"如果孩子在电脑主花费了太长时间，如沉迷网络游戏

不是做功课。\"A 选项 suppose to ..意为\"猜想‖ B 选项 occupy on sth. 表示\"专注于某事\"，C 选项 interest in 意为\"对……感兴趣\"，而 D 选项 be absorb in sth. 表示\"沉浸在……\"，与句意相符。故选 D 6. C. 考查固定搭配 make use of sth. 表示\"利用\"。

7. A 考查固定搭配。此句意为\"……并且孩子应该保证这不会干预他的功课。\"，A 选项 word 意为\"诺言\";B 选项 promise 意为\"许诺，允许尸 ;C 选项 vow 意为\"发誓\" ;' D 选项 claim 意为仔声称;断言\"，并且 give word to = promise 表示\"许诺\"，符合句意。故选 A。

8. A 此句句意为\"如果孩子没坚守这个安排……\"从句子的意思上'看这里有\"坚持\"的意思，所以应该在 A 和 B 之间选择，hold to表示\"坚持‖，stick to 表示―坚持（信念，理想）― 选择 A 。 9. D 固定搭配 take step to do sth. 意为\"采取措施做某事\"。

10. B 此句句意为\"……这样与协商任何关于这样的行为的讨价还价无异。\"A 选项 dealing 意为\"处理\";D 选项 arranging 意为\"安排，排列\";只有 B 选项 negotiate 意为谈判，协商\"，与句意相符。故选 B。 11. C 从句子的意思上看这里有\"严重\"之意，只有 C 表示此意。widely表示\"广泛地\"， heavily 表示\"沉重地\" ，broadly 表示\"广泛地\"。 12. B 从句子的意思上看这里有\"讨论\"之意!，discuss sth. with sb. 表示\"刷某人讨论某事\"debate sth. with sb 表示\"和某人辩论某事\"。

13. B 从句子的意思上看这里有\"必要\"之意，consequently 表示\"结果是\"。

14. A absolutely 表示\"完全地\"，根据句意，这里没有比较的意思，所以排除 B ，quite 表示\"相当\"，根据上下文选择 A。 15. A 考查固定搭配。此句的句意为\"…他也许仅仅是在度过个时期，几个月以后还会有其他事情去担心。\"B 选项 passing 与 though 搭配意为\"穿越\"C 选项 traveling 与 though 搭配意为\"经过\";D 选项 walking 与 though 搭配意为\"走过，草率地处理\";而 A 选项 go through 意为\"度过\"，与句意相符。故选 A 。

+第十三篇 The Old Gate

In the Middle Ages the vast majority of European cities had walls around them. This was partly for defensive (1) __but another factor was the need to keep out anyone regarded as undesirable, like people with contagious (2) __. The Old City of London gates were all (3) __by the end of the 18th century. The last of London's gates was removed a century ago, but by a (4) __ of luck, it was never destroyed.

This gate is, in (5) __fact, not called a gate at all; its name is Temple Bar, and it marked the (6) __between the Old City of London and Westminster. In 1878 the Council of London took the Bar down, numbered the stones and put the gate in (7) __ because its design was (8) __ it was expensive to (9) __ and it was blocking the traffic.

The Temple Bar Trust was (10) __ in the 1970's with the intention of returning the gate home. The aim of the trust is the (11) __ of the nation's architectural heritage.

Transporting the gate will mean physically pulling it (12) __, stone by stone, removing and rebuilding it near St Paul's Cathedral. Most of the facade of the gate will probably be (13)__, though there is a good (14) __ that the basic structure will be sound. The hardest (15) __ of all, however, will be to recreate the statues of the monarchs that once stood on top of the gate.

词汇：

contagious / kən'teidʒəs / adj. 传染性的，会蔓延的 demolish / di'mɔliʃ / vt.拆除，破坏 stroke / strəuk / n. 打击 preservation / ,prezə'veiʃən / n. 保存，保留

boundary / 'baundəri / n. 范围，分界线 cathedral / kə'θi:drəl / n. 保留，保存

注释:

1. mark the boundary between ... and... : ……在……和……两者之间划定界限 2. there is a good chance that... : 很有可能发生某事，有……的机会

练习:

1. A) grounds B) reasons C) causes D) purposes 2. A) injuries B) symptoms C) colds D) diseases

3. A) devoted B) demolished C) declared D) decreased 4. A) stroke B) wave C) hit D) blow 5. A) real B) contemporary C) actual

6. A) borders B) part C) boundary D) current 7. A) storage B) store C) storing D) line

8. A) unrealistic B) unfashionable C) unavailable D) stock 9. A) maintain B) afford C) repair D) unbearable 10. A) set out B} set up C) set off D) fix

11. A) preservation B) reservation C) conservation D) set back 12. A) up B) over C) on D) down

13. A) replaced B) substituted C) exchanged D) overtaken 14. A) capacity B) opportunity C) possibility D) chance 15 A) requirement B) job C) necessity D) obligation

答案与题解:

1. B A 选项 grounds 意为\"理由，基础\" ;C 选项 causes 意为\"原因\" ; D 选项 purposes 意为\"目的;意志\"。根据句意\"城墙一方面是为了防御外敌……\" for 为介词，表目的。for defensive reasons，为了

防御的原因。故选 B。 2. D 考查固定搭配。A 选项 injuries 意为\"伤害，受伤\";B 选项 symptoms 意为\"症状\";C 选项colds 意为\"感冒\";D 选项 contagious diseases 意为\"传染病\"。根据句意应选 D。

3. B 此句句意为\"伦敦古城的城门，均在 18 世纪末被拆毁。\"A 选项 devoted 意为\"献身于……\";B 选项，demolished 意为\"拆毁，破坏\"，与句意相符;C 选项 declared 意为\"公然的,公开宣布的\";D 选项 decreased 意为\"减少\"。故选民

4. A 考查固定搭配 a stroke of luck。

5. C 考查固定搭配in actual fact,为固定搭配，意思是\"事实上\"。等于 actually或 as a matter of fact 。 6. C 此句句意为\"它的名字叫圣殿酒吧区，是伦敦古城与威斯敏斯特的分界线。\"A 选项 borders 意为\"边界，边缘地区\";B 选项 part 意为\"部分\"D 选项 line 意为\"路线，排\";而 C 选项boundary 意为\"两地的分界线\"，与句意相符。故选 C。

7. A 此句句意为\"1878 年，伦敦议会将其推倒，给石头编了号，并将它们储藏。\" A 选项storage 意为\"存储，仓库\"，符'合句意;B 选项 store 意为\"商店，储各\";C 选项 storing 意为\"储存，保管\";D 选项 stock 意为\"股份，股票\" in storage 为固定搭配。故选 A。

8. B 此句句意为\"城门的设计老套，维修费用昂贵，而且堵塞交通。\"A 选项 unrealistic 意为 \"不切实际的\"C 选项 unavailable 意为\"难以获得的\"D 选项 unbearable 意为\"难以忍受的\"，均与句意不符 ;B 选项 unfashionable 意为\"不时髦的，老套的\"。故选 B。

9. A 此句意为\"……维修费用昂贵，并且堵塞交通。\"afford 意为\"支付得起\";repair 意为 \"修\";fix 意为\"修理，安装\" 。(对建筑物的)维修保持意为 maintain。故选 A 10. B 此句句意为\"在..20 世纪 70 年代，最初为了恢复城门，建立了圣殿酒吧区信托基金，目的是保存国家的建筑遗产。\" set 叩意为\"建立，开业\"; set out 意为\"动身，陈列\";set off 意为 \"启程，使爆炸\";set back 意为\"推迟，使受挫\"。故选 B。

11. A 此句句意为\"目的是保存国家的建筑遗产。\" A 选项 preservation 意为\"(古物，建筑)的保存\"，与句意相符 ;B 选项 reservation 意为\"预约，保留\";C 选项 conservation ，多用于\"(环境的)保存，保护\";D 选项 recreation 意为\"娱乐，消遣\"。故选 A。

12. D 考查介词搭配。pull up 意为\"拔起，阻止\" ;pull over 意为\"靠岸，开到路边\";pull on 意为\"穿，继续拉\"，只有 D 选项 pull down 意思是\"摧毁，推倒\"，与句意相符。

13. A 根据上下文，可以排除 C 与 D A 与 B 均有替代的意思，通常，replace...with ... \"替换，更换(以旧更新)\"，substitute ...for ...替代\"之意，不与原物进行比较。

14. D there is a good chance that 意思是\"很有可能发生某事，有……的机会\"。 15. B 此句句意为\"最艰难的工作\"the hardest job of all 为常用说法。A 选项 requirement 意为 \"要求，必要条件\" C 选项 necessity 意为\"需要写必需品\";D 选顶 obligation 意为\"义务\"。故选 B。

2012年职称英语理工、综合和卫生教材（电子版已经发布，欢迎下载）

+第十四篇 Family History

In an age when technology is developing faster than ever before, many people are being (1) __ to the idea of looking back into the past. One way they can do this is by ìinvestigating their own family history. They can try to (2) __ out more about where their families came from and what they did, This is now a fast—growing hobby, especially in countries with a (3) __short history, like Australia and the United States. It is (4) __ thing to spend some time (5) __through a book on family history and to take the (6) __ to investigate your own family's past. It is (7) __ another to carry out the research work successfully. It is easy to set about it in a disorganized way and (8)__ yourself many problems which could have been (9) __ with a little forward planning.

If your own family stories tell you that you are (10)__ with a famous character, whether hero or criminal, do not let this idea take over your research. Just (11) __it as an

interesting possibility. A simple system (12) __ collecting and storing your information will be adequate to start with; a more complex one may only get in your (13) __. The most important thing, though, is to (14) __started. Who knows what you (15) __ find ?

词汇:

attract / ə'trækt/ v. 吸引，有吸引力 investigate / in'vestiɡeit / v. 调查，研究 disorganize / dis'ɔ:ɡənaiz / v. 扰乱，瓦解criminal /'kriminəla/ adj. 形式的，犯罪的 adequate /'ædikwit / adj. 充足的，适当的 complex / 'kDmpleks / adj. 错综复杂的

注释:

1. It is one thing ... , it is another thing ... : 一方面……，另一方面…… 2. One way+从句 is by doing ... :做某事的方法之一是通过……

练习:

1. A) pushed B) attracted C) fetched D) ，brought 2. A) lay B) make C) put D) find

3. A) fairly B) greatly C) mostly D) widely 4. A) a B) one C) no D) some

5. A) seeing B) moving C) going D) even 6. A) idea B) plan C) purpose D) decision 7. A) quite B) just C) more D) living

8. A) produce B) cause C) build D) create 9. A) missed B) lost C) avoided D) escaped

10. A) connected B) joined C) attached D) related 11. A) treat B) control C) contact D) direct 12. A) with B) by C) for D) through 13. A) track B) path C) road D) way 14. A) get B) appear C) be D) feel

15. A) should B) might C) ought D) must

答案与题解:

1. B 根据上下文，句意为人们被追溯往事所吸引。A 选项 push 与介词 to 搭配意为\"推向\";C选项 fetch 做不及物动词为\"取得，拿到\";D 选项 brought 与介词 to 搭配意为\"恢复知觉\";而选项 B attracted 与介词 to 搭配意为\"被……吸引\"，故选 B。

2. D 根据句意\"人们试图查明更多的历史\"，此处动词应有\"查找，查明\"之意。A 选项 lay out 意为\"布置，设计\" ，B 选项 make out 意为\"理解，辨认出\";C 选项 put out 意为\"熄灭，出版\"，均与句意不符;D 选项 find oùt 有\"找出，查明\"之意。故选 D。

3. A 本题考查副词。其中 B 选项 greatly 意为\"很，大大地\";C 选项 mostly 意为\"主要地，通常\";D 选项 widely 意为\"广泛地\"。本句句意为\"……特别是那些有相当短历史的国家……\"根据句意只有 A 选项 fairly 有\"相当\"的意思，符合句意，故选 A。

4. B 考查固定搭配。It is one thing ... ，it is quite another thing ... \"一方面……，另一方面……\"，故选 B

5. C 考查介词搭配。A 选项目e 与 through 搭配意为\"看穿，识破\";B 选项 move 与介词through

搭配意为\"穿过\";D 选项 live 与 through 搭配意为\"度过，经受住\"。根据句意\"…… 花费时间去仔细查阅一本书……\"只有 C 选项 go through\" 经受，仔细检查\"符合句意，故选C 。

6. D 句意为\"并促使你决心去探究家族的过去\" A 选项为\"主意，概念\";B 选项 plan 为\"计划\";只有选项 D 有\"下决心\"之意。take the decision to do 是短语，下定决心做某事。故选D。

7. A 本题考查固定搭配。It is one thing ... , it is quite another thing ... \"一方面……，另一方面……\"。故选 A。

8. B 句意为\"但如果开始有一点点计划，就能避免引起那么多麻烦。\"此处应选择与 problem相搭配有\"引起\"之意的动词。A 选项 produce 为\"制造\";C 选项 build 意为\"建筑\";D 选项create 意为\"创造，创作\";选项 B cause 意为\"引起，使发生，导致，招致\"，经常与 troubles， Problems, disasters 搭配使用。故选择 B。

9. C 句意为\"但如果开始有一点点计划，就能避免引起那么多麻烦\"，此处应填有避免之意的动词。A 选项 miss 为\"漏掉，错过\";B 选项 lost 为\"遗失，失败\";D 选项 escape 意为\"逃脱，避开\";而 C 选项 avoid 意为\"避免，避开，躲避\"，与句意相符。故选 C。

10. A 句意为\"如果你家族的故事写着你与某个名人有着一定的关系\"而选项 B join with 意为\"加人\";选项 C attach (to) 为\"依附，加入\";选项 D be related to = be connected with, \"与……有关系\";只有选项 A connect 可与 with 搭配，意为\"与……有关系\"。故选 A。

11. A 此句意为\"把它当成一个有趣的可能事件再好不过。\"B 选项 control 为\"控制，管理\";C 选项 contact 为\"使接触\";D 选项 direct 为\"管理，指挥，导演\";而选项B 的 treat 可与介词 as 搭配，意为\"把......当做......\" ，与句意相符。

12. C 考查介词。此句句意为\"用一个简单的系统来收集和存储信息\"，A 选项 with\"随着，支持，和…在一起\";B 选项 by 意为\"通过，依据，经由\";ρD 选项 through 意为\"通过，穿过，凭借

13. D 此句意为\"……越复杂的方式可能只会扰乱你的方寸\"，A 选项 track 意为\"轨道，总计，小道\";B 选项 pa曲意为\"道路\";C 选项 road 意为\"公路，马路\";而 D 选项 way 意为\"方法，方向\"，而 get in your way 是固定搭配，意思是\"阻挡，羁绊你的道路\"。故选 D。 14. A get started ，固定搭配，意为\"开始，被启动\"。故选 A。 15. B 考查情态动词的用法。此句句意为―但谁知道你会发现什么呢?‖C 选项有应当之意，而 D 选在must 引导一般疑问句表示\"必须做某事\" ，与句意不符。因此句是对未来的可能性的一种反问，所以 B 选项 might 符合句意。故选 B。

+第十五篇 Helen and Martin

With a thoughtful sigh, Helen turned away from the window and wa1ked back to her favourite armchair. (1) __her brother never arrive? For a brief moment, she wondered if she really cared that much.

Over the years Helen had given (2) __waiting for Martin to take an interest in her.

Her feelings for him had gradually (3) __until now, as she sat waiting for him, she experienced no more than a sister's. (4)__to see what had (5) __of her brother.

Almost without (6) __, Martin had lost, his job with a busy publishing company after spending the last eight years in New York as a key figure in the US office. Somehow the two of them hadn't (7) __ to keep in touch and, left alone, Helen had slowly found her (8) __ in her own judgment growing. (9) __the wishes of her parents, she had left university halfway (l0) __ her course and now, to the astonishment of the whole family, she was (11) __a fast-growing reputation in the pages of respected art magazines and was actually earning enough to live (12) __ from her paintings.

Of course, she (13) __no pleasure in Martin's sudden misfortune, but she couldn't (14) __ looking forward

to her brother's arrival with (15)__ satisfaction at what she had achieved.

词汇:

Armchair /,ɑ:m'tʃεə, 'ɑ:m-/ n. 扶手椅 reputation /,repju'teiʃən / n.名声，名誉声望 curiosity /,kjuri'ɔsiti/ n. 好奇心，好奇 misfortune / mis'fɔ:tʃən / n. 不幸；灾祸，灾难 confidence / 'kɔnfidəns / n. 信心；言任 satisfaction /,sætis'fækʃən / n. 满意，满足 astonishment / ə'stɔniʃmənt / n. 惊讶;令人惊讶的事物

注释:

1. take an interest in ... : 对……产生兴趣

2. become of sb. / sth. ...: 发生……情况;遭遇… 3. to the astonishment of ... :令……惊讶的是……

练习:

1. A) Could B) Should C) Would D) Ought 2. A) in B) up C) out D) away

3. A) depressedB) weakenedC) lowered D) fainted 4. A) wonder B) idea C) curiosity D) regard 5. A) become B) developed C) arisen D) changed 6. A) caution B) warning C) advice D) signal

7. A) minded B) concerned C) worried D) bothered

8. A) dependence B) confidence C) certainty D) courage 9. A) Ignoring B) Omitting C) Avoiding D) Preventing 10. A) along B) down C) through D) across

11. A) gaining B) reaching C) starting D) opening 12. A) for B) by C) with D) drop 13. A) made B) took C) drew

14. A) help B) miss C) fail D) on 15. A) soft B) fine C) quiet D) still 答案与题解:

1. C 考查情态动词。根据句意\"哥哥将永远不再回来了吗?\"有\"应该\"\"应\"意思的 B ，D 选项应该排除。只有 would 有将要的意思，符合句意。故选 C。

2. B 考查介词搭配。此句句意为\"这些年来，海伦已经放弃了等待马丁对她产生兴趣 \" give in 意为\"屈服，让步\" give up 意为\"放弃\"，符合句意 give out 意为 ―分发，公布\"give away 意为\"泄露，出卖\"。故选B

3. B depress 偏重表达\"数量的减少或价值的降低 ‖weaken 一般来说偏重\"情感\"方面的减弱、变谈；lower 偏重在\"数量或质量\"上的减少或降低;faint 偏重于\"视觉\"的变淡、模糊。此句表达的是 Helen 对他的感情的慢慢变淡，故选 B

4. C 此句表达的是 Helen 非常急切地想知道她的哥哥到底发生了什么事的一种\"急切的好奇的\"感觉，故四个选项中只有 curiosity 最贴切，故选 C。

5. A become of sb. /sth. ... .是短语，意为\"发生某种情况;遭遇… \"。故选 A。

6. B 根据上下文可知，Martin 在没有任何征兆的情况下就失去了工作。caution 指\"警察的口头警告\" ，advice 意为\"劝告、忠告\" ，signal 意为\"信号、暗号\"，只有 warning 有\"征兆、前兆\"之意。故选 B。

7. D 此句句意为\"在某种程度上他俩不会因为彼此的联系或不联系而烦扰\"，其中 A 选项mind 意为\"介意\"B 选项 concern 意为\"担心、担忧\";C 选项 worry意为\"使担心、使焦虑\"，只有 D 选项

bother 有\"烦扰\"之意。故选 D。

8. B 此句表达的是 Helen 对自己的判断的\"信心\"0 A 选项 dependence 意为\"依靠、依赖\"C选项 certainty 意为\"确定性、无疑\". D 选项 courage 意为\"勇气、胆量\"B 选项 confidence 可与介词 in 搭配，意为\"对……有信心\"。故选 B。

9. A ignore\"不顾、不理、忽视\" ，omit\"省略、疏忽\" ，avoid\" 回避、避免\" ，prevent\" 防止、预防\"。此句表达的是\"不顾及、忽视父母的愿且\"。故选 A。

10. C 此句强调的是在学业过程中，故应用 through 一词;across强调横穿，故选 C。

11. A gain 意为\"获得、博得\" ，reach 意为\"达到\" ，start 意为\"开始\" ，open 意为\"打开\此句表达获得声誉。故选 A。

12. D 考查介词搭配。……而且她的画作足以维持生活。Live for 意为\"盼望，为……而生活\"live by 意为\"以……为生\"live with 意为\"忍受，承认\";而 live on 意为\"靠……生活\"与句意相符。故选 D。

13. B 短语 take no pleasure in ... \"不以……为乐/感到高兴\"。故选 B。 14. A 短语 couldn't help doing sth. ... \"情不自禁做某事\"。故选 A。

15. C soft 意为\"柔软的\"，自ne 意为\"好的\"，quiet 意为\"暗中的、未表露的\" ，still 意为\"静止的、不动的\"。此句表达 Helen的那种未言语的欣慰之情，故选 C。

阅读译文

综合C级第一篇讲述关于人们的故事

最普遍的非小说类文学作品类型之一就是一些描述人们生活的故事，并且很多人喜欢阅读这类作品。这些故事大致分为三类：自传、回忆录和传记。自传是作者记录自己故事的文章。通常自传会以作者最早期的回忆开始并以对现在情况的总结作为结束。自传的作者也许不会完全客观地介绍自己。然而，他们给读者提供了一个途径来了解自己比较好的行事风格和为何成就这样的自己。就像本杰明·富兰克林和海伦·凯勒一样，各种各样的人们已经写了自传。其他的作者就像詹姆斯·乔伊斯一样仅仅写了关于自己生活的虚构小说。这些不是自传，但是它们和自传非常相近。严格意义上来讲，回忆录是既注重作者本身的生活经历，也注重其所处的时代所发生的事件的自传性的描述。回忆录作者通常把这些事件作为他们生活的背景。他们详细地描述这些事件并论述这些事件的重要性。虽然近些年，回忆录这个词似乎开始变得可以和自传互换，但是目前回忆录也许还没有因外界评论而有所改变。

传记事实上是记录(作者以外)其他人的生活。在很多方面，传记也许是这三种非小说类文学作品中最难写的了。自传作者知悉他们所写的事件因为他们就生活在其中。但是传记作者不得不尽量从很多不同的渠道来收集信息。然后他们不得不决定包含哪种事实。他们的目标是用比较全面的图片来介绍一个人物，并不是过于积极也不是过于批判。一个公正并详尽的传记也许要花费许多年来研究并进行书写。第八篇变化中的中产阶级

美国把自己看成是一个中产阶级的国家。然而，中产阶级既不是一个真实的称号，也不会带来特别待遇。它更是一个观念，一个也许在第二次世界大战之后会变得更加正确的观念。那时，美国经济不断增长，越来越多的人拥有了自己的家庭，工人们和雇佣自己的公司签订了可靠的合同，并且几乎所有想受到高等教育的人能够接受教育。成功的人士享受这种上升的社会流动性。他们也许之前很穷，但是他们能够变得富有。成功人士同样发现他们有更好的地理流动性。换句话说，他们发现自己正移居并生活在各种各样的地方。

这些中产阶级都持有几种相同的价值观和原则。认为赚取足够金钱就可以决定自己经济命运的想法，是其中一种比较强烈的价值观。另外，中产阶级的道德观包括个人的责任感、家庭的重要性、对他人的使命感以及相信自我以外的事物。

但是在20世纪90年代，这些中产阶级的人们发现了成功的代价。1994年，《美国新闻与世界报道》的一篇调查称，75％的美国人认为中产阶级家庭无法收支相抵。现在夫妻双方以及他们的一些孩子都在工作；遥远的上下班路程变成了常态，儿童看护给家庭带来了很大压力，并且公立学校已经不如以前那样好了。中产阶级的成员不再通过薪水来支付他们的生活所需，而是通过使用信用卡来维持生活。对于中产阶级的理解正在发生变化。第十篇艾伦的来信

我听说了一个要在叫Parson公园上建造三百所房子的计划。没有几个人知道这个打算将我们的城镇扩大的计划。对我来说，Parson公园是非常特别的，因为它是一个美丽的天然公园，当地人可以在此放松休息。这片小树林里有许多独特的树木并且这里的小溪受到了渔夫和野鸟观察者的欢迎。这里很安静因为附近只有几所房子和几条公路。我认为失去这片公园会很糟糕，因为在这附近我们没有其他与其相似的公园了。

我反对这项计划也是因为它将会引起交通问题。住在新房子的人们将如何去工作呢?高速公路和地铁站在城镇的另一端。因此，这些人每次出行的时候将不得不驱车穿越城镇中心。公路上将总是有很多车辆，没有地方停车，并且来参观我们这儿可爱的老式建筑物的观光者将会离开这里。商店和旅馆将赔钱。如果这个城镇真的需要更多的房子，那片在地铁站附近的空地是一个更合适的地方。

毫无疑问，通过出售这些房子建筑商们会赚很多钱。但是，在我看来，每个人将会因这个计划的实施而快速地变穷。不但如此，我们将失去一个非常特别的地方，并且我们的城镇将会失去很多快乐。我将在周一早上到当地政府办公室抗议这项计划，并且我希望你们这些读者将会和我一起去那里。我们必须让他们停止这项计划，否则就来不及了。第十一篇芭蕾舞的发展

芭蕾舞是一种历史悠久的舞蹈形式。事实上芭蕾舞延续至今说明了其随着时代的变化而有所调整。在文艺复兴时期，芭蕾舞开始于皇家宫廷。在那时，芭蕾舞在国王、王后以及贵族之间变得普遍，并且与音乐、诗歌以及舞蹈一起参与盛会的表演。当这些娱乐形式从意大利宫廷流传到法国宫廷的时候，宫女们开始参与进来。虽然她们的长裙子阻碍了很多的动作，但是她们能够表演复杂的步伐。直到17世纪女舞者缩短了她们的裙子，改穿平底鞋，并且开始做一些男舞者表演的跳跃和转圈动作。

而且也是在17世纪，专业的芭蕾舞舞蹈团应运而生。法国国王路易十四建立了皇家舞蹈学院，而他本身就是一个芭蕾舞爱好者。由此正式确定了脚的5个基本位置，这5个外开的位置成为发展芭蕾舞技术的基础。18世纪末，发生了另一个重要的改变。芭蕾舞开始通过自己的表演来讲述故事。它再也不仅仅是幕间表演的插舞。精致的假发和服装被淘汰。在19世纪初，舞者学会了用脚尖站立使其看起来像是在漂浮。

正如我们所知，现如今古典芭蕾主要受到了俄罗斯舞蹈的影响。在19世纪中叶，当欧洲其他国家对于芭蕾舞的兴趣有所减少时，俄罗斯人始终保持着对芭蕾舞的兴趣。在20世纪初，最有影响力的人物之一便是谢尔盖·基列夫。他的舞蹈公司俄罗斯芭蕾舞团，为芭蕾带来了新的动力与活力。他的主要助手之一，乔治·巴兰钦，在1948年建立了纽约市芭蕾舞舞蹈团并影响了新一代的舞者。第十六篇撒哈拉沙漠

撒哈拉这个名字起源于阿拉伯语单词―沙漠‖或―干草原‖。位于北非的撒哈拉沙漠是世界上最大的沙漠，占地350万平方英里，大概相当于美国的大小。它横跨大西洋与红海间的大陆。日间气温可高达华氏130度。湿度有时会在13％～19％，但也可低达2．5％，为世界最低湿度。撒哈拉沙漠的绝大多数地区每年的降雨量低于5英寸，但多年来大面积地区根本没下过雨。位于撒哈拉沙漠中心的是北非的内陆国尼日尔。这里的沙丘可高达100英尺，长至几英里。在这里，被沙漠覆盖的地区没有水和城镇，其面积大于德国。然而有一个叫做比尔马的镇子坐落于环绕的沙漠中间。忽然间可看见好多个清澈的水潭。令人惊奇的是，那里还有椰枣林。在干河床和洼地处可找到充足的地下水资源或者绿洲来支持灌溉农业。灌溉沟渠通过一条小溪到达水田中。在这些田地里种植着玉米、木薯、茶叶、花生、辣椒、橘子树、酸橙树和柚子树。青草上放养着驴和山羊。

在尼日尔的撒哈拉地区，你仍然可以看到500只被系起来的骆驼排成一条宽松的队伍，组成一个长达l英里的驼队，朝这样的绿洲城镇走去。在那里，驼队会收集从潮湿的盆地中开采出来用于维持生命的盐，然后运回到位于400英里开外的、沙漠边缘的居住地。这种穿过广阔沙漠的往返行程需要一个月的时间。

综合类B级第十九篇家庭

在全世界，甚至在同一个社会中，家庭结构有着不同的形式。家庭的构成形式随着不断变化的社会和经济影响而改变。直到最近，北美洲最普遍的家庭形式为核心家庭，由一对夫妇和他们未婚的孩子构成。核心家庭是一个独立的单位。它必须能够照料自己。家庭成员紧密依赖着彼此。在紧急情况下，外界提供给家庭的帮助微乎其微。核心家庭中，只有当条件允许的时候，才会照料家中年长的亲属。在北美洲，老人很少和家人一起生活，他们一般住在退休社区和养老机构。在工业社会，例如北美洲，核心家庭之间有很多相似点。在居住在恶劣环境中的因纽特人的社会中，家庭间也有很多相似点。核心家庭结构良好地适应于流动性的生活。在恶劣的条件下，流动性能让一个家庭吃饱饭。对北美洲人来说，找工作和提高社会地位同样需要流动性。

核心家庭并不总是北美洲人的标准。在农业社会时期，小型的核心家庭经常是大家庭的一部分。其中可能包括了祖父母、父母、兄弟姐妹、叔伯、阿姨以及表兄弟姐妹。在现在的北美洲，单亲家庭的数目大幅度增加。由核心家庭构成的单亲家庭的数目是美国由于离婚、分居或者未婚导致的单亲家庭的两倍。不仅在北美洲，在世界范围内，家庭结构都会随着不断变化的条件而改变。第二十篇讲述可怕的过去

分析和诠释历史并不是小说家的工作。然而通过用一种生动有趣的方式来描写过去，小说家

可以重现早期时代，并引起读者的重视。在叙述历史的作家中，有一些黑人作家试图从不同的角度审视奴隶制。

诺贝尔奖获得者托妮·莫里森在她的作品《宠儿》中专门阐述了奴隶制问题。小说的主人公叫塞丝，她以前是个奴隶，内战之后住在俄亥俄，但是她无法让自己从可怕的记忆中解脱出来。通过一系列的倒序和痛苦的回忆，读者了解到赛丝为什么以及怎样逃出她赖以生存的种植园，她那同样试图逃出来的丈夫的命运，以及最后发生在叫做宠儿的孩子身上的事情。莫里森对奴隶受折磨和遭谋杀的场景描写得很生动，充分地表达出奴隶们的绝望以及奴隶主的残酷。查尔斯·约翰逊的小说《中途》从另一个不同的角度来描写奴隶制，但同样充满着暴力。他的主人公叫做卢瑟福·卡尔霍恩，是一个游手好闲、身份自由的美国黑人。他偷偷登上了一艘开往非洲贩卖奴隶的船只。被发现后，他开始为之工作，并亲眼目睹了非洲人被抓起来，然后被运送到美国这种可怕的状况。当非洲人最终抵抗并占有了船只后，他发现了自己的中间性--并且被迫与他自己的身份和价值观念妥协。

不论是《宠儿》还是《中途》读起来都不轻松，但是它们都是非裔美国作家努力为现代观众重现重要历史的典范之作。

第二十六篇看许久以前的世界如果你喜欢读类似亚瑟·弗洛梅尔或尤金·弗多这些令人熟知的作家写的旅行图书，那么你就不会惊讶于旅行写作那悠长、令人肃然起敬的历史。几乎从最早有记载的时期开始，人们就发现，他们对去一个陌生地方旅行的记录是不乏读者的。

公元前后的希腊地理学家、历史学家斯特雷波，就是最早的旅行作家之一。虽然斯特雷波因从黑海的东部出发，西至意大利，南至埃塞俄比亚而闻名，他也借鉴了其他作者的记录来使他的作品内容更丰富生动。他的多卷著作《地理》是唯一一部记录当时世界上城市、人、风俗、地理特征的作品。大概同时期的另两位优秀的旅行作家是意大利人马可·波罗和摩洛哥人伊本·白图泰。马可·波罗在公元1275年同他的父亲和叔叔去了中国，在那里待了十六七年，在这期间他也去了一些其他国家。回到意大利后，他向一位作家口述了他旅行的回忆以及从别人那里听到的故事，最终《马可·波罗游记》问世，迅速红了起来。虽然很难证实他所说的是否都属实，但马可的书促使欧洲人开始了他们伟大的航海探索之旅。

伊本·白图泰在1325年出发去麦加朝圣，从此开始了他的旅行。在他的有生之年，他去了所有的穆斯林国家旅行。他的书《伊本·白图泰游记》记载了沙漠旅行、宫廷阴谋，甚至包括他游历过的地方受黑死病的影响。据估计，在差不多30年里，伊本·白图泰的旅行行程有7万5千多英里。第三十篇 ―幸运的‖鲁肯伯爵——是死是活

1974年11月8日，英国贵族鲁肯伯爵失踪。此前一天，他孩子们的保姆被残忍地杀害，他的妻子也遭到了袭击。直到现在，英国民众对这个谋杀案仍然很感兴趣，因为鲁肯伯爵一直没有被找到。30多年后的今天，警察重新调查案件，希望新的DNA技术帮助揭开这个谋杀之谜。

鲁肯伯爵被朋友称为―幸运的‖，人们猜测是他想要杀了他不再与之一起住的妻子。有人说鲁肯踏进他的老房子，在一片漆黑中错杀了保姆。与他不和的妻子听到声音走下楼，也遭到了攻击，但是她设法逃了出去。7个月后，陪审团断定是鲁肯杀了保姆。

接下来发生了什么谁也不清楚，但是众多断言被总结为三点：他自杀了，他逃跑了或者他可能已经被杀了。在谋杀发生的第二天晚上，―幸运的‖借了一辆车然后开走了。鲁肯的朋友皮诺尔在一个采访中表示，他觉得鲁肯伯爵在英吉利海峡中弄沉了自己坐的船，已经自杀了。

另一个版本是说―幸运的‖把被血染了的车子扔在了海岸上，乘上了一艘开往法国的船。某些人在那发现了他，把他送往另一个国家使他安全。但是，过了一段时间，救他的人开始担心自己也会被卷入到谋杀案件中，所以他们杀了鲁肯。

一个更有意思的看法是前侦探邓肯·麦克劳克林在他的书《幸运者之死》中谈到的。他确信鲁肯逃到了印度的果阿，在那里他换了个身份，假装这个人。鲁肯在果阿一直生活着，直到1996年他去世。最终这个断言被证实是错误的。1996年去世的是真正的哈普林，他曾经是一个学校老师，后来做了嬉皮士。那么关于―幸运的‖结果哪个是真的?DNA鉴定破了很多谋杀案件，但是不知它能否把这个案件做个了结。

第三十三篇老妇人Oseola McCarty

1999年9月一个周日下午较晚的时候，一位上了年纪的名为MeCarty的清洁工在她生活了大半辈子的小木屋中去世了。这位老妇人看似平凡的一生却有着非同寻常的意义。

1995年夏McCarty把她一生的大部分积蓄共计15万美元全部捐给了她家乡的南密西西比大学，用于帮助大学中的黑人完成学业。她年轻的时候就养成了积蓄的习惯，那时候她从学校放学就去做清洁工作和熨烫衣服赚钱，并将钱存起来。

她一生过着简单、节俭的生活，除了生活必需品外她从不在其他事情上花钱。

她退休的时候，决定资助那些条件有限的孩子上大学。她曾经想成为一名护士，但她不得不离开学校照顾生病的亲戚。当问及她为什么会把一生的积蓄都捐赠出来时，她回答：―我将钱捐赠出来，只是为了不让孩子们工作得那么辛苦，像我一样。‖捐赠的消息一经传出，就有600多名捐赠者向奖学金基金捐款。其中一人是媒体管理人员，Fed Turner，号称捐赠了10亿美元。她从未想过她的捐赠会产生什么样的影响，但消息一经传出，她就收到了来自美国各个地方的邀请，去向人们介绍她的事。无论她去哪，都有人去跟她说话或去摸摸她。她见到过普通大众，也见过名流显赫，如克林顿总统。在她死于癌症的前几年，她获得了300多个奖项，被联合国授予过奖项，也获得过总统市民模范称号。从未受过正式教育的她，被南密西西比大学和哈佛大学分别授予了荣誉博士学位。她的慷慨行为激励鼓舞了很多人，同时也证明了世间确实存在真正的无私。综合类A级第三十四篇逃亡

在宾馆里闲待一个下午是很无聊的。巡回乐团道具管理组的成员在用美元玩儿游戏，把纸币折成纸飞机的形状然后看谁飞得最远。因为没有什么事情可以做，我加入了他们并且赢了五局，之后我找了个机会带着我赢的钱退出了游戏。尽管天色看起来不是很好，我还是决定出去走一走。我向前走到了街道另一边的一个小店里。与其他的小店不同，它没有吸引眼球的名字和主要经营的项目，取而代之的是普通的霓虹灯，里面则是吸引人的强光。奇怪的是并没有什么影子映射在窗户上。我并没有因为这个而停住脚步，我走了进去。

我屏住呼吸，不知道看哪里也不知道从哪里开始看。一面墙上挂着三个手工缝制的美国壁毯，十分美丽，可能是新做的。我穿过易拉罐和散落的小玩意儿还有古董家具，在我面前的一面墙上挂着一个崭新的1957年的Straocaster吉他。一张五十美元的卡插在琴弦上。我的手抚摸着放唱片的架子，读着标题。这里还有很多的……

―我可以帮助你吗?‖她吓了我一跳。我没有看见在柜台后面的女人。她看我的方式如此居高临下，这一时让我很紧张像是被一种磁场或是电场紧紧包裹住。很难避开那个眼神。但是尽管很不舒服，我还是觉得那种被直视的感觉很美妙，那种感觉对我来说不陌生，对她来说也不陌生。

除了愉悦以外她的神情还流露出慈爱和怜悯。我猜不出她的年龄。尽管她的眼神充满了友善，她使我想起了我的祖母。我能感觉到她是一个不喜欢与人争吵的人。最后我开口说话，―我真的只是看看‖，私下里却在好奇有多少东西能够塞进汽车。

她转身离开到后面的屋子，示意我应该跟随其后，但这并非是第一个房间，房间的灯光也让我感觉很特别，灯光来自天花板上的油灯，使一切都笼罩在巨大的阴影之下。这里没有罕见的电吉他，没有古老的项链，没有鲜花装饰的手绘盒子。很明显它是陈旧的用来存放垃圾和那些平淡无奇的旧文献的。我发现了一些旧书，那些金字已经退去使题目很难辨认。―它们看起来很有趣。‖我迟疑地说。―要想了解上面所写你必须有相似的经历。‖她清楚地说。她察觉到我的脸上充满了疑惑可是却没有再说什么。

她伸出手拿了一本小书然后递给了我。―这是目前我能够给你的最好的书‖，她笑着说道，―如果你要用它‖。我打开书发现全部是一片空白，但依然给了她向我要的几美元，当我察觉到美元依然是纸飞机的形状时不免有些尴尬。我把书放到包里，谢过她并离开了。第三十五篇选择她自己的路

当她12岁的时候，玛利亚做出了她人生道路的第一个重要决定。她决定继续读书。对于大多数来自中产阶级家庭的女孩子来说，小学毕业就都选择待在家里，尽管有一些参加了教会办的女子精修学校。在那她们学习一些音乐、艺术、针线活，以及如何礼貌交谈。这些并不是玛利亚所感兴趣的或者可以说也不是她妈妈感兴趣的。此时，她对待学习更加认真。她不停地读书，他走到哪里就把书带到哪里。有一次她甚至把数学书带到了剧院里，设法在黑暗中学习。

玛利亚知道她想要继续正规学习。她想要到公立高中去学习，很少有女孩子这样做。在当时的意大利，有两种形式的高中，一种是―传统‖学校，另一种是―技术类‖学校。在传统学校中，学生们都依照一种非常传统的教学方式学习，包含拉丁语、希腊语及文学课，还有意大利的文学与历史。极少数能继续学习的女孩们也大多选择这类学校。

但是玛利亚打算去技术类学校。技术类学校比传统学校要现代得多，他们提供的课程有现代语言、数学、自然科学，以及会计学。包括玛利亚父亲在内的大部分人都认为，女孩子是不可能弄明白这些科目的。另外，他们也认为女孩子不适合学习这些。玛利亚并不在乎适合与否。数学和自然科学是她最感兴趣的学科。但是在她报名之前她必须争得她父亲的同意。最后在她母亲的帮助下她成功了，尽管过去很多年她的家庭关系依然很紧张。她的父亲一直地反对她的计划，而她的母亲却帮助她。

1883年，玛利亚13岁的时候考取了罗马的―Regia Scuola Tecnica Michelangelo Buonarroti‖学校。她在这个学校的经历对我们来说难以想象。尽管课程包括现代学科，而教学方式却是十分传统的。学习包括记忆长长的词条和事件，然后向老师复述。学生们不会以任何的方式被提问或是自己思考。老师非常苛刻，课堂纪律十分严格，未达标准或者不守纪律的学生会被给予严厉的惩罚。第三十七篇非洲的流行音乐

非洲国家的年轻音乐家们创造了一种流行音乐的新形式。音调与旋律不仅有传统的非洲因素也有当下十分流行的各种形式，比如嘻哈、说唱打击乐、摇滚、爵士或者是瑞格舞。这样就使这种音乐让世界各地的听者都觉得很熟悉，而它又是典型的非洲音乐。这种音乐在另一方面也有所不同：很多音乐有着严肃的主题，与当今非洲重要的社会问题和政治问题相关。

Eric Wainaina是这些非洲音乐家的其中之一。他成长于肯尼亚内罗毕的一个音乐世家。少年时期他就听美国的流行音乐，之后就读于波士顿Berklee College学习音乐。现在他在肯尼亚发了一张CD。他最红的歌曲是―Land of‗A Little Something‘‖，这首歌是有关肯尼亚行贿受贿问题的。他希望人们听他的歌曲然后思考如何让肯尼亚变成更好的居住地。

另一个写有关严肃主题音乐的音乐家是来自坦桑尼亚的Witness Mwaijaga。她的个人经历让她能够切身体会非洲妇女所受的苦难。她15岁的时候失去了家，但是比起和她一样无家可归的年轻人来说她很幸运。她可以靠写歌和在街头卖唱维持生计。在她18岁的时候，她成为一个明星。她用嘻哈和说唱的风格写歌，歌曲的内容是坦桑尼亚的各种问题，特别是艾滋病和女性权利的缺失。

来自塞内加尔的Baaba Maal也认为流行音乐不仅仅是为了娱乐。他在塞内加尔说过，故事的讲述者往往是重要的人物。在过去，他们是人民历史的书写者。他认为写歌者也拥有同样的责任。他们必须写他们周围的世界，帮助人民明白如何使它变得更好。事实上，歌词的内容十分重要。他倡导在非洲要和平与协作，同时也包括妇女权利、热爱家庭和保护环境。

南美最流行的音乐家之一是Brenda Fassie。她可以与美国流行巨星麦当娜媲美，因为她的舞台表现力震撼人心。但是她也喜欢让人深思。20世纪80年代她因为一首有关反对种族隔离的单曲而一炮走红。现在种族隔离已经终止了，她的歌曲有关于南美政治和文化的其他方面。她使用传统的非洲语言与一种新的流行形式库威多来歌唱。

近些年，非洲以外的人们都开始听这些年轻音乐家的歌曲。通过音乐，年青一代的音乐家使非洲与世界其他的地方相连接，同时也影响着世界的其他地方。第三十八篇为什么有这么多的孩子

非洲和亚洲的很多发展中国家，人口增长迅速。原因很简单：这些国家的女人生育率很高——每个女人平均有三个到七个孩子。这些女人大部分都很穷，没有足够的食物和资源来照顾家庭。为什么她们要有这么多孩子呢?为什么她们不限制家庭的大小呢?答案是大多数时候她们没办法选择。这有很多原因。

其中之一是经济原因。传统的农业经济中，家庭成员数目多是十分有利的。孩子多意味着田里的劳动力多且有人给父母养老。在工业经济国家中情况就不同了。多数孩子不帮助家里，而是增加家庭开销。因此，工业化极大降低了生育率。这是意大利的一个例子，意大利最近几年工业化发展十分迅速。在20世纪前叶，意大利是个贫穷的农业国家，有着很高的生育率。第二次世界大战之后，意大利的现代化和工业化十分迅速。世纪之末其生育率降到世界最低，平均每个女人1．3个孩子。然而经济并不是唯一重要的影响出生率的因素。以沙特阿拉伯为例，那里并没有以农业为基础的经济，而且是人均收入最高的国家之一。然而还是有很高的生育率(7．0)。而像墨西哥和印度尼西亚，主要是农业经济的穷国，但他们的人口还在不断地下降。很明显有其他的因素。最重要的就是妇女的状况。高的生育率往往与妇女缺乏教育与社会地位低下相关。这就能解释沙特阿拉伯的出生率为什么如此之高。传统的文化使妇女缺乏教育或者不能独立，并且在外生存的技能很少。相反，墨西哥、泰国、印度尼西亚的生育率就低。他们的第四十七篇九死一生

那天早上我们离开露营的小屋已经很晚了。我们走到外面，东面笼罩在山上的天空是青灰色的。这意味着将会是很热的一天，温暖会使被冰紧裹的石头慢慢地松开。

正当我们走在表面的时候，很明显它变成了一段很难走的路。主要的问题是斜坡，在山坡上有很多的碎石。斜坡被登山者反感的原因有两个。首先，爬在上面的人很容易摔下去。其次，它使你走的每一步都很危险。

我们平稳前进了30分钟。岩石的状况很不好。当我们试图把自己拉上去，它就会滑向我们，像一个打开的抽屉。我的手逐渐出汗变得冰冷。突然有一声大喊―Cailloux!Cailloux!‖我听到来自上面的一个女人的呼喊。声音成回声向下传向我们。我抬起头寻找它来的方向。

最开始只有两块石头，弹跳着移向我们，在半空中撞击。而此时上方的空气也好像随着掉落的石头有了生命，巨大的噪声充斥在空气中。撞击声在石头表面，嗡嗡声游荡在空气中，之后又有了撞击声。

每次撞击声之间都有一段时间的空隙，石头越跳越远。我一直盯着石头，感觉马上它就要到我这里来一样。在学校一个比我高几年级的男孩告诉过我，当石头掉下来时千万不要抬头。―为什么‖?―因为石头砸在你的头盔上要远远好过砸在你的脸上。‖他告诉我们。低头，永远低头。

我听见那天和我一起登山的同伴Toby在喊我。我看了过去，他在一个延伸出的石头下面，已经安全了。我不能理解他。然后我感到了一阵重击，紧紧向后拉扯，像是有人使劲儿地用手夹住我的肩膀然后把我转向面对他的方向。一块石头砸在了我背包的盖子上。

我再次抬起头。一块石头垂直地向我砸下来。本能地，我向后倾斜，拱起我的背，保护我的胸部。我的手指怎么办，我想，如果被砸上肯定会被砸扁，再也不能恢复。我听到了在我正前面的一声巨响，有人使劲儿拉我的裤子。Toby大喊：―你还好吧，石头径直向你砸过来了。‖石头在我双腿间擦身而过，虽然没有碰到我，但是刮到了我的衣服。

Toby和我用整晚的时间回味早上发生的一切：假如那块大石头没有从旁边滑过，如果我被撞到，你会扶住我吗，我会把你也刮倒吗?对于一个有丰富登山经验的人来说这也许没有什么，但我知道我永远不会忘记这件事。

完型译文

综合类C级第一篇有鸟陪伴的生活

作为伦敦塔的守卫者之一David Cope在那里工作了近17年，被游客们称为Beefeaters。David，64岁，生活在Byward塔顶部的一个三居室的单元里，一个警卫室。David说：―从我们的卧室看去，我们可以看到伦敦塔桥和泰晤士河的一个美好景色。‖

伦敦塔以大黑色的鸟——乌鸦而著名，它们已经在那里生活了三个多世纪。David立刻被这种鸟迷住了，当他在八年前被提供乌鸦主人的职位时他毫不犹豫地接受了它。―这种鸟类现在已经成为我的生命，我总是警觉到我在保持一个传统。传说中说，如果乌鸦离开伦敦塔，英国将落到敌人手中，我的工作就是确保这种情况不会发生!‖

David每天大约用四个小时的时间来护理乌鸦。他已经爱上了它们，而他紧挨在它们的旁边生活是最佳选择。―我可以在所有的时间内密切关注它们，不仅仅是在工作的时候。‖起初，David的妻子Mo对生活在塔里的想法并不热衷，但David明年即将退休，她要离开时也会很伤心。―当我们透过我们的窗口向外看，我们看到历史环绕在我们身边，我们正接受它并为我们未来的记忆存储它。‖ 第二篇幸运的骨折

演员Antonio Banderas经常骨折，而且它似乎总是发生在运动时。在影片《拳拳到骨》中，他与Woody Harrelson并肩，扮演一个中量级拳击手。在影片制作过程中，Harrelson不停地抱怨整个打斗场面并不是很令人信服，所以一天，他提议他和Banderas应该进行一场真正的打斗。这位西班牙演员起初对这一想法并不热衷，但最终他还是被他的搭档说服了，他戴上他的手套，爬上了拳击台。然而，当他意识到他的对手是全心全意投入进来时，他开始后悔自己要打斗的决定。在第三轮，Harrelson狠狠地打在Banderas的脸上，以至于居然打破了Banderas的鼻子。女演员Melanie Griffith，他的妻子对他进行这样一场―傻男子气概的游戏‖非常愤怒。 ―她是对的‖，Banderas承认道，―我在电影拍摄过程中进行这样一个冒险真是一个傻瓜。‖

他记起在他的故乡马拉加进行的一场足球比赛，那次他的腿骨骨折了。他一直梦想成为一个足球明星，在众多观众前比赛。但他的医生告诉他，他的比赛生涯也许就要结束了。―就在那时我决定开始演戏；我认为这是另外一种比赛并且能够得到认可。可以这么说，发生在那次足球场上的事对我而言，是一次幸运的骨折。‖ 第三篇全球变暖

现在很少有人质疑全球变暖的现实及其对世界气候的影响。许多科学家把全球气温上升归咎于最近的自然灾害，他们确信，地球现在比以往任何时候都更受到风、雨和太阳这些力量的威胁。据他们说，全球变暖制造了极端天气事件，例如飓风、干旱，甚至更为严重的以至于世界各地的海平面上升。

环保团体对政府施加压力，要求政府采取行动减少工厂和发电厂排放的二氧化碳量，攻击它的资源问题。他们都赞成把更多的资金用到研发太阳能、风能和波浪能装置上，以取代现有的发电站。

然而，还有一些科学家，他们相信即使明天我们不再排放二氧化碳和其他气体到大气层中，我们也将不得不等待几百年才能得到结果。全球变暖似乎要在这里停留。第四篇一个成功的故事

19岁时，Ben Way已经是一个百万富翁了，他是越来越多的通过互联网获得财富的青少年之一。而使得Ben的故事更引人注意的是他有诵读困难，并且曾被他的初中教师告知他将永远不能正确读写。―我要证明他们错了。‖Ben说。他后来成为Waysearch的创建者和董事长，Waysearch 是一个在网上购物商场查找货物的网络搜索引擎。 Ben八岁时，他所在的地方当局提供给他一台个人电脑以帮助学校工作。虽然他不能阅读使用指南，但他对计算机有一种天赋，在父亲的鼓励下，Ben很快就开始以自己的知识和能力收费——每小时10英镑。15岁时，Ben成立了自己的电脑顾问公司——夸德电脑，他在自己的卧室里运营(这个公司)，两年之后，他离开了学校，并将所有的精力投入到公司经营当中。

―此时公司已经发展壮大，我需要雇用几个员工帮助我‖，Ben说，―这使我开始与更大的公司做生意。‖正是他持续不断地克服困难挑战的能力使他赢得了―年度最佳青年企业家‖，也是同年，他成立了Waysearch。最近，他与一家私人投资公司签署了价值2 500万英镑的交易，这家公司将为他的搜索引擎提供资金。

第五篇城市的交通当今世界，许多城市的交通量在不断扩大。这导致了许多问题，包括严重的空气污染、长时间拥堵，以及交通事故发生概率的增大。显而易见，我们必须要有所行动，但往往说服人们改变他们的生活习惯，使他们把车留在家里是很困难的。

一种可行的方法是通过增加停车收费和加强违规罚款而使人们使用汽车的成本变得更加昂贵。此外，在每天的不同时间，一些特殊路段将对司机另行收费。这个被称为―道路收费‖的系统已经被一些城市所引用，它使用一种特殊的电子卡固定在汽车的挡风玻璃上。另一种处理这个问题的方法是在城市的郊区提供廉价的停车场，并严格控制进入城市中心的车辆数量。司机和乘客乘坐特殊巴士完成他们最后的旅程。

当然，最重要的事情还是提供良好的公共交通。然而，要让人们放弃他们汽车的舒适，公共交通必须要让人感觉可靠、便利、舒适，同时票价也要保持在一个可接受的水平。综合类B级第六篇教与学

许多教师认为学习是学生的责任。如果教师布置了一篇长篇阅读的任务，即使他们没在课堂上讨论过或者考试过，他们还是期望学生熟悉这篇读物里的信息。理想的学生被认为是那种为了学习而有动机地学习的学生而不是那种只对高分感兴趣的学生。有时被发回来的作业上只有简短的评价，并无分数。即使不给分数，学生也有责任学习布置的材料。当一项研究课题被选定时，教授们期望学生积极去做并且以最少的指导完成。在图书馆查找书籍、杂志和论文是学生的责任。教授们没有时间去解释一个大学的图书馆如何运行；他们期望学生，尤其是研究生阅尽图书馆中的文献资源。教授们愿意帮助需要帮助的学生，但是更希望学生不要太过依赖他们。在美国，教授除了上课以外还有其他职责，比如管理工作或研究工作。因此一个教授能分给学生的课外时间是有限的。如果一个学生对课堂作业有问题，他应该在办公时间找老师或者预约。第七篇人与电脑的区别

是什么让人有别于电脑程序?我们的理论还没有解释的缺少的要素是什么?答案很简单：人们阅读报纸故事为了学习更多他们感兴趣的东西，而电脑不是。事实上，电脑甚至连兴趣都没有，当它们试图阅读时它们没有寻找任何特别的东西。如果一个电脑程序是理解故事模式，那它也是为了某个意图去阅读。诚然，人类的意图若是被强加到电脑身上便没有任何意义。一个人可能会读就餐指南，只是为了解决饥饿或是有娱乐目的，也可能是为了寻找一个吃商务餐的好地方。电脑不会饿，也不吃商务餐。

然而，这些心理和社会目标会导致一些智力或者认知目标。一个想要解决饥饿的意图会促使这样的念头产生：找到一个提供我们想要的食物的餐厅，这餐厅叫什么名，价位如何，在什么位置等。我们把这些为了获取信息或者知识的目标叫做学习目标。电脑也能有这些目标；一台电脑也许―想要‖寻找餐厅的方位，并且为了做得像一个人一样去阅读一个指南。虽然这样的目标就电脑来说不是产生于饥饿，但电脑很可能从这个目标去获得更多关于餐厅的信息。第八篇看光明的一面

你曾经想要让自己变得更乐观吗?想过让自己变成一个总是期待成功的人吗?若是周围有个总是往事情最坏处考虑的人，我们一定没有什么乐趣——就像我们都知道某些人看到天空有一片云便说要下雨。但是你要是发现自己也这样想了，那就有必要针对它采取一些措施了。

根据心理学家的说法，人们可以改变对生活的看法。只需一点儿努力，你将发现生活会回报给你的更多。人们说乐观主义在一定程度上是自尊和自信，但它也是对待生活的和它所给予的一种积极态度。乐观主义者更有可能开始新的项目，通常也更容易准备好去承担风险。很显然，成长经历对于你对待世界的态度的形成是至关重要的。有些人养成了过于依赖别人的习惯，一旦事情出了差错，便责备他人。然而另一方面，许多乐观主义者被教导，不要把失败当成世界末日，只需继续生活。

第九篇第一辆自行车

自行车的历史可以追溯到两百多年前。1791年，西夫拉克伯爵在巴黎的一个公园里向众人展示并炫耀了自己的发明，一架被称作―celeriferé‖的双轮车。它主要就是一个使用了很多年的儿童玩具的扩大版。西夫拉克的―celeriferé‖有一个马形状的木框，两端分别装有一个轮子。坐上一个小座位便可以骑了，就像骑现在的自行车一样，但双脚要使劲蹬地——因为没有脚踏板。操纵方向和刹车也是不太可能的，尽管有这些问题，这个发明在当时还是吸引了许多巴黎时尚的年轻人。很快他们便举行了比赛，在街上到处骑。

当骑手尝试最后冲刺时，受到一些小伤是很普遍的事情。控制那台机器是很难的，改变行驶方向的唯一方法是拉起车前身，当前轮还在空中打转时掉转车头。然而这种木制双轮车并没有流行很长时间，结合了没有弹簧、没有方向舵，以及遭遇不平整路段等问题，木制的双轮车骑起来十分不舒服。尽管如此，这种木制的―celeriferé‖还是现在自行车的始祖。第十篇职业母亲

与全职母亲的孩子相比，对职业母亲的孩子仔细进行的调查并没有展示出任何长期的问题。我的个人观点是，只要妈妈们想工作，那么她们就可以工作。不管我们是否喜欢这一点，有许多妈妈不得不工作，这是事实。有这样的母亲，她们已投入了大半生去创建事业，若是失去这份事业，她们承受不起。还有许多母亲完全是出于经济上的原因必须工作。很多母亲并不是做全职母亲的这块料，与这么可爱的婴儿在家待几个月之后，她们感觉受到了限制，被孤立了。涉及儿童托管，有很多方式可供选择，从托儿所和保姆到奶奶或是街对面的好心女士。然而实际上，许多父母没有任何选择，不管能有什么都得接受。准备好了啊!不管你选的托管方式有多好，一些孩子被留下时，都会激烈抗议，这是儿童发展过程中完全正常的一个阶段。婴儿刚出生的前六个月对与母亲分开没有感觉，但不久之后他们便会对母亲和亲密家庭成员产生依恋。要保证在第一周付出足够多的时间来帮助他安稳下来。

每个孩子都是不一样的，有的很独立，有的却很依恋母亲。如果你想为你的孩子做到最好，那么记住这一点，你与孩子相处时间的长短不重要，相处过程中的质量才重要。综合类A级第十一篇学校午餐研究显示，在英国超过一半以上的儿童将午餐带到学校去吃而不是在中午饭点正常吃。英国学校在午餐时间会正常提供午餐，孩子们可以选择带餐过去或者在食堂就餐。

在此项研究中，一项令人震惊的发现显示，学校提供的午餐比家长准备的更加健康。学校午餐有着严格的准备标准：包括一份水果、一种蔬菜和肉、奶制品以及含有大量淀粉的食物，如面包、意大利面

食。然而被检查的学生自带的饭盒中含有甜饮料、薯条和巧克力棒。学生摄取的糖分是他们应当在午餐中摄取的2倍。

这份调查研究对为什么在过去的十年中英国学生的超重人数上升提供了一个更好的解释。但不幸的是，政府不能批评家长但却可以提醒他们牛奶、水果、蔬菜的营养价值。孩子们饮食上小小的改变可能会影响他们未来的健康。孩子们在这样的年龄段很容易养成坏习惯，家长却是唯一能够阻止这件事发生的人。

第十二篇强大的影响

毫无疑问，互联网给我们的生活带来了巨大改变，家长们担心孩子们在网上花费大量的时间，在他们的课余时间几乎不做其他事情。自然而然地家长们好奇找出网络之所以吸引人的原因，并且他们想知道这是否会对他们的孩子造成伤害。花了大量的时间盯着电脑看，家长们是否应该担心呢?

很显然，如果孩子在电脑上花费了太长时间，如沉迷网络游戏，而不是做功课，就是不对的。家长和孩子应该决定多大程度上利用电脑，并且孩子应该保证这不会干预他的功课。如果孩子没坚守这个安排，家长会采取更加严厉的措施处理孩子对网络的应用，这样与协商任何关于这样的行为的讨价还价无异。

任何家长对孩子这样的行为产生警觉时应该与老师讨论一下，在电脑屏幕前太长时间并不一定会影响孩子的在校表现，即使一个孩子已经疯狂地迷恋使用网络，他也许仅仅是在度过一个时期，几个月以后还会有其他事情去担心。第十三篇古老之门

在中世纪，绝大多数欧洲城市都有城墙围绕着。城墙一方面是为了防御外敌，但另一方面是阻止任何不受欢迎的人入城，比如患有传染病的人。伦敦古城的城门，均在18世纪末被拆毁。伦敦最后一道城门也在一个世纪之前迁移，但是极其幸运的是，它从未遭到破坏。事实上，这道门，完全不能称其为门；它的名字叫圣殿酒吧区，是伦敦古城与威斯敏斯特的分界线。1878年，伦敦议会将其推倒，给石头编了号，并将它们储藏。原因是这个门设计老套，维修费用昂贵，并且堵塞交通。

在20世纪70年代，最初为了恢复城门，建立了圣殿酒吧区信托基金，目的是保存国家的建筑遗产。运送城门如同亲手将它推倒一般不易，一块石头接着一块石头，搬运再重建。它坐落在圣保罗大教堂附近，尽管基本的结构可能很稳固，但城门的大部分外观将被替换。然而，其中最难的工作是重建曾经屹立在城门的君主们的雕像。第十四篇家族史

在科技空前发展的时代，当下很多人对回首往事沉迷不已。回首过去的一种方法是研究各自的家族历史。人们试图查明更多的历史，例如，他们的家族来自哪里，他们以什么为生。这已经成为一种快速增长的业余爱好，特别是有相当短历史的国家，如澳大利亚、美国。花费时间去查阅一本有关家族史的书，并促使你去探究家族的过去是一方面，成功地实施这项研究工作却是另一方面。杂乱无序地开始很容易。但如果开始有一点点计划，就能避免引起那么多麻烦。如果你家族的故事写着你与某个名人有着一定的关系，不论是英雄或者罪人，都不要让这个话题替代了你的研究。把它当成一个有趣的可能事件再好不过。用一个简单的系统来搜集和存储信息足以让你有个好的开头，越复杂的方式可能只会扰乱你的方寸。尽管开头是最重要的事情，但谁知道你会发现什么呢?

第十五篇海伦和马丁

海伦若有所思地叹了口气，转身离开了窗户，向她最喜欢的扶手椅走去坐了下来。哥哥将永远不再回来了吗?这种想法在她脑海里迅速闪过后，她又想自己是否真的很在意他的到来。

这些年来，海伦已经放弃了等待马丁对她产生兴趣。她一直坐那等他，对他的感觉到现在已经渐渐地变淡了。她所有的不过是一个妹妹的好奇心，想知道她的哥哥到底发生了什么事。几乎没有任何预兆的，马丁就失去了工作。他是一家出版社美国办事处的重要人物，那里非常忙碌，他在纽约最后的八年是为其工作的。在某种程度上，他俩不会因为彼此的联系或不联系而烦扰。渐渐地，

海伦发现她对自己的判断越来越有信心了。她不顾父母的期望，大学学业未念完就辍了学。现在让全家人吃惊的是，她很快地在一个很受业内认可的艺术杂志上成了名，而且她的画作足以维持生活。

当然，她也对马丁所遭遇的突然不幸感到难过。但是她还是忍不住期望他哥哥的到来，并暗暗地对自己所取得的成就感到欣慰。

阅读判断

第七篇中度地震袭击英国

2007年4月28日英格兰东南部地区发生中虔地一些房屋烟?倒_，许多居民半夜从睡梦中惊醒。肯特郡几千人遭遇断电。二名女子头部和颈部受了轻伤a ,

“它（地震）给人的感觉是整幢赓子就：像游东场的濞行机一祥在滑动。”;该女子说。英国地质调査局说，本次里氏4. 3级的地M发生于上午8点19分，震中在英吉利海峡底部，位于多佛尔以南约8. 5英里处的海峡隧道入口附近。,

一些目击者看到郡中墙壁出现裂缝,并有烟囱倒塌。当地居民说震动大约持续了 10?15秒。 “我当时躺在床上，觉得好像旁边有人从床上站起来。”住在伦敦东南部60英里处坎特伯雷的 27岁的

HendrickvanEck说，“然后我听到有东西裂开的声音，而且越来越响。就好像有人在我床尾不停地并着脚跳。”

这种规模的中度地震世界上每年都会发生几千次，但在英国仍非常少见。4月28日的地震是英国自2002年中部城市伯明翰里氏4. 8级地震以来最强的一次。

英国的地震最高曾达到里氏6.1级，1931年发生在北海。英国地质勘测所的科学家罗杰?马森说，4月28日发生地震的地区曾经遭受过几起英国最大的地震，其中的一次发生在1580年，那次地震蹂躏了伦敦，并波及法国6马森预言英格兰的这个地区早晚还会发生地震，但他说人们不必对此产生太大恐惧，因为英茵的现代地震预警系统应该能够侦测即将发生的地震，并在震前数小时内通知大家。这将使人们有时间撤离震区，并把损失降到最低。

第十—篇计算机鼠标

计算机鼠标是—个惊人的巧妙发明，它设计简单，但却能够使我们对计算机屏幕上的东西进行非常有效的指挥。想想你可以用鼠标做的那些事情，比如复制和粘贴，以及绘画，甚至用新式鼠标上的滚轮使网页上下滚动。大多数讦算机使用者天天用计算机，却没有想要了解一下鼠标的 i作原理，直到有一天它变脏了，而我们又必须学会如何对它进行清洁。我们会说话之前就已经学会用手指东西，所以鼠标是一个很自然的指针设备。其他计算机指针设备还包括光笔、图形输入板和触摸屏等，但鼠标仍然是我们的主要工具。

计算机鼠标由斯坦福大学的道格拉斯.?恩格尔哈特在1964年发明。随着计算机屏幕越来越受欢迎，而且箭头键可以在一个文本上随意移动，人们认识到一个能自由移动甚至能够选择文本的游标装置将是非常有用的。19_83年鼠标的引进和苹果计算机丽莎的开始使用，使广大计算机用户开始踏上一条依赖鼠标完成常规计算机工作的道路。

H标是怎样工作的?我们得从底部幵始，所以现在把鼠标倒过来看。一切都开始于鼠标球。当鼠标底部的球在鼠标垫上滚动的时候，它压迫到两个滚轴并使其转动。这两个轴上有一些小孔, 并与滚轮相连。滚轮两边各有—个叫做发光二极管的小型电子发光器件。其中一个发光二极管向另一个发出一个光束。当滚轮转过一个小孔时，光束通过小孔到达另一边的发光二极管。但稍后该光束被阻塞，直到下一个孔转动到这个位置。发光二极管检测出光束的变化模式，将该模式转换成电子信号，并通过一条延伸出鼠标的电缆将信号传输给计算机，这条像尾巴一样的电缆正是鼠标得名的原因。计算机通过解读信号确定光标在计算机屏幕上的位置。

到目前为止，我们只限于讨论大多数人应该拥有或用过的基本型的计算机鼠标。这样的设计带来的一个问题是，滚球滚动时表面吸附的灰尘会使鼠标变脏，所以最终你必须对它进行清洁。较新的光电鼠标由于没有可移动的部件就避免了这一问题的产生。、

概括大意与完成句子

第六篇对别人的第一印象是怎样形成的

对刚刚遇到的人我们都会留下第一印象，为什么？为什么我们会对一无所知的人形成自己的印象——除去一些描述或显而易见的特征？

这与你的大脑如何感知世界是息息相关的。大脑对面部特征十分敏感，即使是每个人在眼睛、耳朵或嘴部的细小差异也会使大脑察觉到其不同之处。实际上，大脑一直在不断地对接收到的感官信息进行处理——包括影像和声音。大脑将这些“信号”与储存在脑皮层系统的大量“记忆” 相比较，以便确定这些新收到的信号的“意思”。

如果你在学校看到某个你认识而且喜欢的人，你的大脑会做出“熟悉安全”的判断；如果你看见了一个陌生的人，你的大脑会告诉你“陌生，有潜在的威胁”。紧接着你的大脑会幵始将这个陌生人的特征与“已知”的记忆进行比较。包括身高、体重、穿着、种族、手势以及音调等。特征越不相符，大脑越会告诫你，“这是陌生人，我不喜欢这个人”，或“我很好奇”。大脑也可能观察到一张新面孔，但却有着熟悉的穿着、种族特征和手势——像你的朋友，这时大脑会告诉你“我喜欢这个人”。但这些第一印象却可能是完全错误的。

当区分人时，我们使用一种欠成熟的思维方式（与小孩子不成熟的想法一样）去对别人做出简单并且范畴化的判断。（这样的后果是）我们将人区分为骗子、反常的人或怪人，而不是对人的深度和广度，即历史、兴趣、价值、力量或真正的性格有所了解。

但是，如果对模式化的第一印象加以抑制，我们就会有机会对一个人有真正的了解。如果我们花一些时间与一个人在一起，倾听他或她的生活、希望和梦想，了解了这个人的性格，我们才会用一种不同的、更成熟的方式去思考——用脑皮层中最复杂的区域进行思考，而这会使我们更富有人情味。

第十篇 Washoe学会了美国手语

一个影响科学思维的动物已经死亡了。一个出生在非洲名为Washoe的黑猩猩上个月月底在美国华盛顿州的一个研究中心自然死亡,死时42岁。Washoe在科学界和世界各地众所周知，是因为它能够使用美国手语。它是第一个了解人类语言的非人类。它的技能也导致有关灵长类动物

和它们所能理解的语言的争议。

科学家Alien和Beatrix Gardner于1966年开始教Washoe手语。1969年，Gardners在科学的报告中描述了 Washoe的进步。对Washoe做实验的人说Washoe逐渐掌握了约250个单词。例如， Washoe能用手语表达“该吃饭了”！它能要苹果和番蕉这样的食品。它也问诸如“谁要来玩”之类的问题。Washoe能用手语的消息一散开，许多语言学家开始在他们自己这一令人振奋的新研究领域展开研究。灵长类动物的整个研究方向改变了。

然而，批评者认为Washoe只学会了看它的教师的手语重复动作。他们说Washoe从来没有发展真正的语言技能。即使是现在，也有一些研究表明灵长类动物学习手语只是机械重复、死记硬背、物质刺激的结果。可是Washoe的饲养员不同意这种说法。Roger Fouts以前是Gainer夫妇的学生。Roger Fouts把Washoe带到了华盛顿埃伦斯堡的一个研究中心。在这里，Washoe教三个年轻的黑猩猩手语，这三个黑猩猩依然活着。！

像Jane Goodall这样的独立的科学家认为，Washoe为黑猩猩心理活动的研究提供了新信息。今天，没有那么多科学家研究黑猩猩的语言技能。部分原因在于这类研究需要花费很长的时间。

对黑猩猩懂得人类交流方式与否的辩论仍在继续。然而，有一件事却是肯定的~\"Washoe改变了有关动物智能可能性的普遍观点。

补全短文

第九篇高温杀手

世界各地常常会出现高温天气。别以为高温仅仅让人们感觉炎热，实际上它还会引发疾病——甚至死亡。每年数苄万人死于洪水、风暴、火山喷发和其他自然灾害。极热天气也是如此。专家指出，高温可能是大自然最致命的杀手。近来，印度有一百多人死于高温天气。据报道，一天或七天里遭受持续高温的袭击将影响健康。持续几天的高温被称为热浪。专家K，白天的热浪，如果到夜晚没有降温，:会给身体带来巨大压力，这是很危险的。

医生说，人们有很多方法保护自己免受高温的侵害。如果可能的话，尽量避免阳光直射，多喝凉水。要穿天然材料制作的浅色服装，不穿合成面料服装。衣服一定要宽松，以便活动自如。了解高温引发疾病的危险信号，比如头疼、呕吐。大多数人遭受高温仅会感到肌肉疼痛。疼痛是一个警告，说明你的身体过热。医生提出，一旦感觉头疼和肌肉疼痛就应该停止一切活动，在阴凉地方休息，喝清凉饮料。几小时内都不要进行体力活动，否则还会导致更严重的状况。

医生还指出，一些特殊群体在热浪期间特别危险。他们心脏衰弱、有高血压或其他心血管病。炎热天气对于那些必须服药以控制血压、血流不畅、精神紧张、抑郁的人也是特别危险的。

第十一篇虚拟驾驶员

驾驶需要敏锐的视觉与听觉，大脑分析，手、脚和大脑的协调配合。人具有敏锐的视觉与听觉能力，能用大脑进行分析，保持手和大脑的配合。人能用身体不伺部位来操控一辆快速行驶的汽车，但是智能化的汽车怎样自动驾驶呢？显然驾驶室里无人驾驶，但事实上的确存在一个虚拟驾驶员，它有眼睛、大脑和手、脚。汽车两边的小型照相机就是它的眼睛，负责观察前方的路况信息和左右两侧的交通状况。如果你打开车身后部的行李箱，你就会看到自动驾驶系统中最重要的部件：嵌入式计算机。它是汽车的大脑，这个大脑负责计算汽车周围物体移动的速度，分析它在路上的位置，选择正确的道路，并对方向盘和操控系统下达指令。

与人脑相比，虚拟驾驶员最大的优点是反应快。对照相机发送的图像，能在100毫秒内完成对其的分析处理。可是世界上最好的赛车手至少要1秒钟内才能做出反应，并且这个时间还不包括他采取应对措施的时间。

由于虚拟驾驶员反应迅速，操控准确，它能大量减少高速公路的事故率。在这种情况下，是不是可以不分时间、不分地点都让虚拟驾驶员驾驶汽车？专家们认为目前尚不可以。由于虚拟驾驶员识别物体的能力有限，目前这种智能化汽车只可以在高速公路上行驶。

智能汽车按清晰标出的车道线决定自己的行车方向，靠车辆的常规形状识别其他车辆。然而, 它却不能识别在普通道路上行驶的没有清晰标记的自行车和行人。虽然情况是这样，人们始终认为未来的汽车就应该是高度智能化的汽车。

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